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The Structure of Chaucer’s Ambiguity with a Focus on Modal Discourse (Tr 5.1084, etc.)
Yoshiyuki Nakao 한국영어학학회 2006 영어학연구 Vol.- No.21
Ambiguity has long been recognized as a rewarding research area in linguistics and literature. This recognition dates back to the seminal work of Empson (1930) on the subject. Now that linguistics no longer avoids the problem of meaning, which represents a great deal of departure from structural linguistics, meaning itself is regarded as indispensable to the study of language and literature, and ambiguity has come into sharp focus. Much has been achieved in the field of literature since. Nakao (2004), The Structure of Chaucer’s Ambiguity, is an attempt to show how ambiguity is likely to occur with special reference to one of Chaucer’s works, Troilus and Criseyde (henceforth Tr). This paper is a brief sketch (with slight revisions) of Nakao (2004). I will first state the background of this research, secondly propose the framework to describe how Chaucer’s ambiguity is likely to occur, and thirdly deal with his ambiguity in modal discourse (Tr 5.1084, etc.) within this framework.
Nakao, Motoyuki,Ishihara, Yoko,Kim, Cheol-Hong,Hyun, In-Gyu The Korean Society for Preventive Medicine 2018 Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Vol.51 No.3
Objectives: Air pollution is a growing concern in Korea because of transboundary air pollution from mainland China. A panel study was conducted to clarify the effects of air pollution on respiratory symptoms and health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) in outpatients with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Korea. Methods: Patients filled out a questionnaire including self-reported HR-QoL in February and were followed up in May and July. The study was conducted from 2013 to 2015, with different participants each year. Air quality parameters were applied in a generalized estimating equation as independent variables to predict factors affecting HR-QoL. Results: Lower physical fitness scores were associated with Asian sand dust events. Daily activity scores were worse when there were high concentrations of particulate matter (PM) less than $10{\mu}m$ in diameter ($PM_{10}$). Lower social functioning scores were associated with high PM less than $2.5{\mu}m$ in diameter and nitrogen dioxide ($NO_2$) concentrations. High $NO_2$ concentrations also showed a significant association with mental health scores. Weather-related cough was prevalent when $PM_{10}$, $NO_2$, or ozone ($O_3$) concentrations were high, regardless of COPD severity. High $PM_{10}$ concentrations were associated with worsened wheezing, particularly in COPD patients. Conclusions: The results suggest that PM, $NO_2$, and $O_3$ cause respiratory symptoms leading to HR-QoL deterioration. While some adverse effects of air pollution appeared to occur regardless of COPD, others occurred more often and more intensely in COPD patients. The public sector, therefore, needs to consider tailoring air pollution countermeasures to people with different conditions to minimize adverse health effects.
Nakao, Makoto,Hosono, Satoyo,Ito, Hidemi,Oze, Isao,Watanabe, Miki,Mizuno, Nobumasa,Yatabe, Yasushi,Yamao, Kenji,Niimi, Akio,Tajima, Kazuo,Tanaka, Hideo,Matsuo, Keitaro Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2013 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.14 No.7
Background: Cigarette smoking is a well-established risk factor of pancreatic cancer (PC). Although an association between nicotine dependence phenotype, namely time to first cigarette (TTFC) after waking, and the risk of several smoking-related cancers has been reported, an association between TTFC and PC risk has not been reported. We assessed the impact of smoking behavior, particularly TTFC, on PC risk in a Japanese population. Materials and Methods: We conducted a case-control study using 341 PC and 1,705 non-cancer patients who visited Aichi Cancer Center in Nagoya, Japan. Exposure to risk factors, including smoking behavior, was assessed from the results of a self-administered questionnaire. The impact of smoking on PC risk was assessed with multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for potential confounders to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Cigarettes per day (CPD) and/or smoking duration were significantly associated with PC risk, consistent with previous studies. For TTFC and PC risk, we found only a suggestive association: compared with a TTFC of more than 60 minutes, ORs were 1.15 (95%CI, 0.65-2.04) for a TTFC of 30-60 minutes and 1.35 (95%CI, 0.85-2.15) for that of 0-30 minutes (p trend=0.139). After adjustment for CPD or smoking duration, no association was observed between TTFC and PC. Conclusions: In this study, we found no statistically significant association between TTFC and PC risk. Further studies concerning TTFC and PC risk are warranted.
Stable Fermentative Hydrogen Production by Polyvinyl Alcohol (Pva) Gel Beads Fluidized Bed Reactor
Nakao, Masaharu,Kawagoshi, Yasunori,Hino, Naoe,Iwasa, Tomonori,Furukawa, Kenji Korean Wetlands Society 2007 한국습지학회지 Vol.9 No.1
A novel hydrogen fermentation technique by using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) gel beads as a biomass carrier was investigated. The hydrogen gas was stably produced throughout the experimental period in a continuous reactor. Even though the hydrogen productivity was suddenly decrease by experimental troubles, the bacteria attached to the PVA gel beads played as an inoculum, it was promptly recovered. The hydrogen yield per glucose was not very high ($1.0-1.2mol-H_2/mol-glucose$), thus the optimization of the experimental conditions such as ORP and HRT should be considered to improve the hydrogen productivity. Bacterial community was stable during experimental period after the PVA gel beads applying, which indicated that applying of biomass carrier was specific to keep not only the biomass but also the bacteria commonly. Clostridium species were phylogenetically detected, which suggested that these bacteria contributed to the hydrogen production in the biofilm attached to the PVA gel beads.
Nakao, Motoyuki,Yamauchi, Keiko,Mitsuma, Satoshi,Odaira, Tetsuro,Obata, Hideto,Chijimatsu, Yoichi,Ishihara, Yoko The Korean Society for Preventive Medicine 2019 Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Vol.52 No.6
Objectives: In recent years, transboundary air pollution from mainland East Asia has led to growing concerns about air pollution in Japan. Air pollution is reportedly associated with the exacerbation of respiratory diseases. In this study, we assessed the effects of air pollution on respiratory symptoms and the health status of participants with and without chronic respiratory diseases. Methods: Participants (n=2753) with and without chronic respiratory diseases who visited healthcare facilities in Japan during February from 2010 to 2015 filled out a self-report questionnaire regarding their symptoms and perceived health status. Participants were followed up during April-May and June-July. Results: Oxidant concentrations were associated with respiratory symptoms, overall health, and quality of life (QoL). Suspended particulate matter (SPM) and particulate matter <$2.5{\mu}m$ levels were associated with physical fitness; SPM was also associated with QoL. Recent experience of an Asian sand dust event had a significant effect on allergic symptoms, change in health, and QoL. Conclusions: Respiratory symptoms were more strongly affected by oxidants than by other pollutants. Significant associations of air pollutants were found with a comprehensive range of items related to perceived health status, including overall health and QoL. Although the effects of air pollutants on respiratory symptoms and health status were more apparent among patients with respiratory diseases, the adverse effects of air pollutants were significant even among participants without such conditions.