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An Australian View of the Pusan Political Crisis in Korea, 1952
Ronald Munro(로널드 먼로),Yea Daeyeol(예대열) 고려대학교 한국사연구소 2015 International Journal of Korean History Vol.20 No.1
이 논문은 호주자료를 바탕으로 부산정치파동의 전개과정을 재구성하고 있다. 호주는 유엔한국임시위원단 (UNCTOK) 시절 미국의 한반도 분단정부수립 정책에 대해 반대한 바 있었다. 호주는 한국전쟁 당시에도 유엔한국통일부흥위원회의(UNCURK)의 일원으로 참여하면서 한국의 정치 상황을 예의주시하고 있었다. 1952년 당시 한국의 임시수도 부산에서는 이승만과 그에 대항하는 국회 간의 권력투쟁이 벌어지고 있었다. 대통령은 제헌헌법에 따라 국회에서 선출되어야 했지만, 당시 대다수 국회의원들은 이승만을 지지하지 않고 있었다. 이에 이승만은 재선을 위해 관제민의를 동원해 선거제도를 직선제로 바꾸고자 했다. 이승만에 반대했던 국회의원들은 이 상황을 막고자 호주를 비롯한 외국인사들과 접촉했다. 호주 외교관 또한 민주주의 원칙에 대한 믿음에 따라 이 문제에 개입하고자 했다. 하지만 한국에 있던 호주인들은 본국으로부터 구체적인 지시가 없었던 데가다 독립국가의 내정에 개입할 수 없다는 입장에 따라 적극적인 개입을 주저했다. 당시 호주 외교관이었던 플림졸은 유엔기구가 한 나라의 대통령을 물러나게 하는 것이 소련에게 프로파간다적 승리를 가져다 줄 것이라는 점을 알고 있었다. 결국 이 사건은 이승만이 계엄령을 선포하고 자신에게 반대했던 국회의원을 체포하는 것으로 결론지어졌다. This paper examines the ‘Pusan Political Crisis’ through Australian archival documents. Though Australia was a member of the UNTCOK (United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea), it opposed the strategy of the US to establish a divided government in Korea. Thus, Australia paid sharp attention to the political situation in Korea as it took part in the UNCURK (United Nations Commission for the Unification and Rehabilitation of Korea). The scramble for power broke out in Pusan, which was the ROK’s interim wartime capital. The president was to be elected by the National Assembly according to the Constitution, but the majority of National Assembly members didn’t support Syngman Rhee. Thus, he intended to change over to a direct presidential election system to win re-election. The members of the National Assembly opposed to Syngman Rhee appealed to the Australian diplomat to assist in preventing Rhee formally becoming a dictator. Although the Australian diplomat sincerely desired to intervene in this event due to his belief in and desire for adherence to democratic principles he was to some extent reluctant to do so as he did not have specific orders and to interfere in the domestic affairs of a sovereign was not a step to be taken lightly. Plimsoll was also fully aware of the propaganda victory it would give the Soviet Union-the UNO removing the head of state of a country it had brought into being. Eventually Rhee concluded this crisis by proclaiming martial law and arresting his opponents in the National Assembly.
R.Bemrnstein(R.Bemrnstein),Ross H.Munro(Ross H.Munro) 한국전략문제연구소 1997 전략연구 Vol.4 No.2
언론인 출신 중국 전문가인 R. Bemstein(미국)과 (캐나다)는 공저에서 중국이 21세기에 아태지역 헤게모니를 장악하고 세계강국으로 부상하려는 국가 목표를 추진하는 등 중국 위협론이 현실로 다가오고 있다고 주장하면서 미국의 아태정책은 이와 같은 중국의 계획을 저지하는 데 초점을 두고 일ㆍ대만과 함께 전략3각 체제를 구축, 아태지역에서 새로운 힘의 균형상태를 유지해나갈것을 제언.
Wang, Shenlin,Munro, Rachel A,Shi, Lichi,Kawamura, Izuru,Okitsu, Takashi,Wada, Akimori,Kim, So-Young,Jung, Kwang-Hwan,Brown, Leonid S,Ladizhansky, Vladimir Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan P 2013 Nature methods Vol.10 No.10
Determination of structure of integral membrane proteins, especially in their native environment, is a formidable challenge in structural biology. Here we demonstrate that magic angle spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy can be used to determine structures of membrane proteins reconstituted in synthetic lipids, an environment similar to the natural membrane. We combined a large number of experimentally determined interatomic distances and local torsional restraints to solve the structure of an oligomeric membrane protein of common seven-helical fold, Anabaena sensory rhodopsin (ASR). We determined the atomic resolution detail of the oligomerization interface of the ASR trimer, and the arrangement of helices, side chains and the retinal cofactor in the monomer.
Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancement Reveals Oligomerization Interface of a Membrane Protein
Wang, Shenlin,Munro, Rachel A.,Kim, So Young,Jung, Kwang-Hwan,Brown, Leonid S.,Ladizhansky, Vladimir American Chemical Society 2012 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY - Vol.134 No.41
<P>Protein–protein interactions play critical roles in cellular function and oligomerization of membrane proteins is a commonly observed phenomenon. Determining the oligomerization state and defining the intermolecular interface in the bilayer is generally a difficult task. Here, we use site-specific spin labeling to demonstrate that relaxation enhancements induced by covalently attached paramagnetic tag can provide distance restraints defining the intermonomer interface in oligomers formed by a seven-helical transmembrane protein <I>Anabaena</I> Sensory Rhodopsin (ASR). We combine these measurements with visible CD spectroscopy and cross-linking experiments to demonstrate that ASR forms tight trimers in both detergents and lipids.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jacsat/2012/jacsat.2012.134.issue-41/ja308310z/production/images/medium/ja-2012-08310z_0005.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ja308310z'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
Finding modes with equality comparisons
Jayapaul, Varukumar,Ian Munro, J.,Raman, Venkatesh,Satti, Srinivas Rao Elsevier 2017 Theoretical computer science Vol.704 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>We consider the comparison complexity of finding modes (the most frequently occurring elements) in a list of elements that are not necessarily from a totally ordered set. Here, the relation between elements is determined by <I>equality</I> comparisons whose outcome is = when the two elements being compared are equal, and ≠ otherwise. The problem generalizes the classical majority problem studied in this model (using equalities). We show that <SUP> n 2 </SUP> / 2 m − n / 2 comparisons are necessary and <SUP> n 2 </SUP> / m + n comparisons are sufficient to find an element that appears at least <I>m</I> times. This is in sharp contrast to the bound of Θ ( n log ( n / m ) ) bound in the model where comparisons are < , = , > or ≤ , > .</P> <P>We give three algorithms for finding mode, including one that is a generalization of a classical majority finding algorithm due to Fischer and Salzberg (1982) . We also discuss upper and lower bounds for sorting (i.e., finding the frequency of every element) and for finding the least frequent element. Sorting problem (under the equality comparisons) also known as <I>equivalence class sorting</I>, has applications in several scenarios where the total order of elements is either not possible or can not be revealed for security reasons.</P>