Evaluation of Naturally Aged Muskmelon Seed Morphology in Relation to Germination using X-ray CT Image Analysis

( Mohammed Raju Ahmed ),( Jannat Yasmin ),( Wakholi Collins ),( Byoung-kwan Cho ) 한국농업기계학회 2018 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.23 No.1

Internal morphological damages of the seed are critical but meet a prominent effect on the germination power of the seed. X-ray CT imaging technology is a powerful non-destructive analytical tool and has particular advantages to reveal the internal stuffs of the seed. In this research, CT images of five years old muskmelon seeds were generated using an X-ray CT scanner and several image processing techniques such as re-slicing, contrast enhancement, noise reduction, and segmentation were accomplished. From fifteen images per sample, various features (i.e. local binary pattern features, Gabor features, local Fourier transform (FFT) texture features, contrast features, and Haralick textural (Tx) features) were extracted. The sequential forward selection (SFS) method was employed as a search strategy to find the best relevant features with different objective functions where the Fisher discriminant objective function performs the best. A germination test was carried out to construct the training and validation data set of the seeds where the seeds were divided into 2 groups; viable (group-1) and non-viable (group-0). Different classifiers were probed to determine the optimal performer where the linear discriminant classifier was resultant preeminent accuracy 98.89% with a 10-fold cross-validation using eighteen selected features. Findings of this study showed that CT imaging technique is a potential tool to classify a sound and healthy seed from internal morphologically damaged seed.

Assessment of the Morphological Structure of Watermelon and Muskmelon Seeds as Related to Viability

Mohammed Raju Ahmed,Jannat Yasmin,Wakholi Collins,Santosh Lohumi,조병관 한국농업기계학회 2019 바이오시스템공학 Vol.44 No.2

Purpose Morphologically perfect seeds are critically important for raising normal, healthy seedlings as well as for increasing germination percentages. In this study, an X-ray microCTscanner was employed to generate CTimages to investigate the internal conditions of naturally aged watermelon and muskmelon seeds. Different seed components, such as the seed coat thickness, the size of the embryo, the area of the air space inside the seed, the embryo structure, and the damages diagnosis in the seed anatomy were selected as observation parameters for investigation of the dicot seed samples. Methods The areas of the seed coat thickness, embryo, and the internal air space were measured by ImageJ software, and the oneway analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was performed to inspect the significant differences in the parameters of the normal viable and the nonviable/abnormal viable seeds. A paper germination test was performed to identify the normal viable and nonviable/abnormal viable seeds. Results The findings of this study indicate that there was no significant difference in the seed coat thickness of the normal viable and the nonviable/abnormal viable naturally aged seeds, but the embryo and internal air space area structures were distinctive. The normal viable seeds contained a large embryo with nominal air space inside the seed, whereas the nonviable/abnormal viable seed embryo size was relatively small with a vast internal cavity. Conclusions Based on the results of this study, we concluded that the normal viable and nonviable/abnormal viable aged seeds had significant differences in their morphological structures that adversely affect seed germination.

Imaging Technologies for Nondestructive Measurement of Internal Properties of Agricultural Products: A Review

( Mohammed Raju Ahmed ),( Jannat Yasmin ),( Wang-hee Lee ),( Changyeun Mo ),( Byoung-kwan Cho ) 한국농업기계학회 2017 바이오시스템공학 Vol.42 No.3

Purpose: This study reviewed the major nondestructive measurement techniques used to assess internal properties of agricultural materials that significantly influence the quality, safety, and value of the products in markets. Methods: Imaging technologies are powerful nondestructive analytical tools that possess specific advantages in revealing the internal properties of products. Results: This review was exploring the application of various imaging techniques, specifically, hyperspectral imaging (HSI), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), soft X-ray, X-ray computed tomography (XRI-CT), thermal imaging (TI), and ultrasound imaging (UI), to investigate the internal properties of agricultural commodities. Conclusions: The basic instruments used in these techniques are discussed in the initial part of the review. In the context of an investigation of the internal properties of agricultural products, including crops, fruits, vegetables, poultry, meat, fish, and seeds, various extant studies are examined to understand the potential of these imaging technologies. Future trends for these imaging techniques are also presented.

Imaging Technologies for Nondestructive Measurement of Internal Properties of Agricultural Products: A Review

Ahmed, Mohammed Raju,Yasmin, Jannat,Lee, Wang-Hee,Mo, Changyeun,Cho, Byoung-Kwan Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery 2017 바이오시스템공학 Vol.42 No.3

Purpose: This study reviewed the major nondestructive measurement techniques used to assess internal properties of agricultural materials that significantly influence the quality, safety, and value of the products in markets. Methods: Imaging technologies are powerful nondestructive analytical tools that possess specific advantages in revealing the internal properties of products. Results: This review was exploring the application of various imaging techniques, specifically, hyperspectral imaging (HSI), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), soft X-ray, X-ray computed tomography (XRI-CT), thermal imaging (TI), and ultrasound imaging (UI), to investigate the internal properties of agricultural commodities. Conclusions: The basic instruments used in these techniques are discussed in the initial part of the review. In the context of an investigation of the internal properties of agricultural products, including crops, fruits, vegetables, poultry, meat, fish, and seeds, various extant studies are examined to understand the potential of these imaging technologies. Future trends for these imaging techniques are also presented.

Assessment of the Morphological Structure of Aged Seeds as Related to Viability

( Mohammed Raju Ahmed ),( Jannat Yasmin ),( Wakholi Collins ),( Byoung-kwan Cho ) 한국농업기계학회 2018 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.23 No.2

Morphologically perfect seeds are critically important for raising normal, healthy seedlings as well as for increasing germination percentages. In this study, an X-ray microCT scanner was employed to generate CT images to investigate the internal conditions of five-year-old watermelon and muskmelon seeds. Different seed components, such as the seed coat thickness, the size of the embryo, the area of the air space inside the seed, the embryo structure, and the damages diagnosis in the seed anatomy were selected as observation parameters for investigation of the dicot seed samples. The areas of the seed coat thickness, embryo, and the internal air space were measured by ImageJ software, and the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was performed to inspect the significant differences in the parameters of the highly viable and the nonviable/abnormally viable seeds. A paper germination test was performed to identify the highly viable and nonviable/abnormally viable seeds. The findings of this study indicate that there was no significant difference in the seed coat thickness of the highly viable and the nonviable/abnormally viable naturally aged seeds, but the embryo and internal air space area structures were distinctive. The highly viable seeds contained a large embryo with nominal air space inside the seed, whereas the nonviable/abnormally viable seed embryo size was relatively small with a vast internal cavity. During the storage period, autoxidation and moisture content transformation played a vital role in altering the anatomy of the seed components, resulting in cracked and subnormal embryo structures. Based on the results of this study, we concluded that the highly viable and nonviable/abnormally viable aged seeds had significance differences in their morphological structures that adversely affect seed germination.

X-ray CT image analysis for morphology of muskmelon seed in relation to germination

Ahmed, Mohammed Raju,Yasmin, Jannat,Collins, Wakholi,Cho, Byoung-Kwan Elsevier 2018 BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Vol.175 No.-

<P>Internal morphological damage can have critical effects on the development and germination power of seeds. This study investigates the morphological characteristics of naturally aged muskmelon seed in relation to germination ability. An X-ray microCT scanner was employed to generate CT images and then several image processing techniques such as re-slicing, contrast enhancement, noise reduction, and segmentation were performed on the images. Afterwards, fifteen preprocessed images were nominated from each sample, and features of interest (i.e., local binary pattern, Gabor, local Fourier (FFT), texture, contrast and Haralick textural (Tx) features) were extracted. The sequential forward selection (SFS) method was applied as a search strategy to identify the most relevant features using a variety of different objective functions. It was determined that the Fisher discriminant objective function performed the best. A germination test was performed to evaluate the seed viability and the information was used to construct the training and validation data set. The seeds were divided into 2 groups: viable (group-1) and non-viable (group-0). Different classifiers were probed to determine the optimal performer, where the linear discriminant classifier resulted in an accuracy of 98.9%, with 10-fold cross-validation using eighteen selected features. The findings of this study indicate that CT imaging is a potential tool for the classification of seeds based on the characterisation of internal morphologically.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> X-ray CT imaging was adopted to reveal the internal quality of seed. </LI> <LI> CT imaging is able to identify the empty, broken, or irregular shaped endosperm. </LI> <LI> 98% accuracy was gained to classify textural difference of the endosperm. </LI> <LI> The model is useful to detect good quality seeds to increase the germination rate. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Classification of watermelon seed based on physiological quality using X-ray 2D projection imaging

( Mohammed Raju Ahmed ),( Jannat Yasmin ),( Hee Young Lee ),( Wakholi Collins ),( Santosh Lohumi ),( Byoung-kwan Cho ) 한국농업기계학회 2020 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.25 No.1

Non-destructive and high performance analysis for classification of seed internal quality is highly desirable as the internal structure of seed plays a significant role during germination. This study was aimed to develop a classification model by investigating the morphological characteristics of watermelon seed. An X-ray scanner (Xeye-5100F) was employed to generate 2D projection internal images of seed with a dose of 50 kV, 100 μA, and 0.05 second exposure time. Each X-ray images contained multi samples, hence image cropping algorithm based on MATLAB was used to cut images for individual sample. Several image processing techniques such as contrast enhancement, noise reduction, and image masking were applied on the cropped images and later various image features such as local binary pattern, Gabor, local Fourier (FFT), texture, contrast, and Haralick textural (Tx) features were extracted. To identify the most relevant features using a variety of different objective functions, the sequential forward selection (SFS) method was applied as a search strategy and found that the Fisher discriminant objective function performed the best. A germination test was performed to divide the seed into 2 groups: normal viable (group-1) and nonviable & abnormal viable (group-0) and the calibration and validation date set were constructed based on the group information. Several classifiers were tested to find the best performer, where the linear discriminant classifier resulted in an accuracy of 84. 9%, with 10-fold cross-validation using eighteen selected features. The study shows that, X-ray imaging with the develop algorithm can be used in a simple and fast manner to classify seed based on their internal condition.

Viability Evaluation of Naturally Aged Watermelon Seeds Using FT-NIR Spectroscopy and X-ray microCT Image Analysis

( Mohammed Raju Ahmed ),( Byoung-kwan Cho ) 한국농업기계학회 2016 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.21 No.2

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the discrimination between high viable and low viable naturally aged watermelon seed using the Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy. In addition, x-ray microCT scan images were used to explore the morphological structure such as embryo size, the amount of endosperm, the area of free space and the seed coat thickness among the high viable and low viable seed. FT-NIR reflectance spectra of both high viable and low viable (naturally aged) seeds were collected in the range of 4,000 - 10,000 cm-1 (1,000 - 2,500 nm). Besides, x-ray images were collected at 360 degrees of each seed where the difference of every scan was 0.795 degree (total 453 scans). 100% accurate result was obtained from the calibration and prediction set derived from the PLS-DA model to classify high viable and low viable seeds. The beta coefficient of PLS-DA showed the spectral difference between high viable and low viable seeds due to the change in the chemical component which might be a reason to vary the germination ability. Healthy embryo and solid and sound endosperm were seen in the high viable seeds while x-ray microCT scan image analysis was performed. A large air space was found in the low viable seeds as a reason of poor structure of endosperm comparing with the high viable seeds. The results demonstrate the possibility of using FT-NIR spectroscopy and x-ray microCT scan image analysis to separate seeds based on viability which is very important in the seed industry.

Biosensors and their Applications in Food Safety: A Review

Jannat Yasmin,Mohammed Raju Ahmed,조병관 한국농업기계학회 2016 바이오시스템공학 Vol.41 No.3

Background: Foodborne pathogens are a growing concern with respect to human illnesses and death. There is an increasing demand for improvements in global food safety. However, it is a challenge to detect and identify these harmful organisms in a rapid, responsive, suitable, and effective way. Results: Rapid developments in biosensor designs have contributed to the detection of foodborne pathogens and other microorganisms. Biosensors can automate this process and have the potential to enable fast analyses that are cost and time-effective. Various biosensor techniques are available that can identify foodborne pathogens and other health hazards. Conclusions: In this review, biosensor technology is briefly discussed, followed by a summary of foodborne pathogen detection using various transduction systems that exhibit specificity for particular foodborne pathogens. In addition, the recent application of biosensor technology to detect pesticides and heavy metals is briefly addressed.

Comparison of Analysis Methods for Vigor of Naturally Aged Pepper Seeds using FT-NIR Spectroscopy

( Jannat Yasmin ),( Mohammed Raju Ahmed ),( Collins Wakholi ),( Santosh Lohumi ),( Byoung-kwan Cho ) 한국농업기계학회 2018 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.23 No.1

Physiological and biochemical deterioration of naturally aged seed is very common as enzymatic activity is changed over time. Seed vigor is also reduced due to this degradation. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the discrimination between viable and non-viable naturally aged pepper seeds. In this study, Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy was used for spectral data acquisition in the spectral range of 4000-10000 cm^-1 at the interval of 4 cm^-1 spectral resolution with total 32 successful scans. After applying different preprocessing methods, spectral angle mapper (SAM) technique was employed as a blind source separation (BSS) tool. This technique investigated the spectral difference between a viable and non-viable seed. Afterwards, the partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model was developed using multivariate data analysis. All the samples were set to a germination test to identify the viable and non-viable seed and the result was used to make calibration and validation data set. The PLS-DA model provided a good result with performance accuracy of 91% for calibration and 85% for prediction. The SAM technique and the beta coefficient derived from PLS-DA showed some spectral difference between viable and non-viable seeds that might be a reason to vary the germination ability of the seed. The results demonstrate the possibility of using the FT-NIR spectroscopic technique with chemometrics to separate seeds based on their viability, which is very important in the seed industry.