http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
Current Status of Nuclear Waste Management (and Disposal) in the United States
McMahon, K.,Swift, P.,Nutt, M.,Birkholzer, J.,Boyle, W.,Gunter, T.,Larson, N.,MacKinnon, R.,Sorenson, K. Korean Radioactive Waste Society 2013 방사성폐기물학회지 Vol.1 No.1
The United States Department of Energy (US DOE) is conducting research and development (R&D) activities under the Used Fuel Disposition Campaign (UFDC) to support storage, transportation, and disposal of used nuclear fuel (UNF) and wastes generated by existing and future nuclear fuel cycles. R&D activities are ongoing at nine national laboratories, and are divided into storage, transportation and disposal. Storage R&D focuses on closing technical gaps related to extended storage of UNF. Transportation R&D focuses on ensuring transportability of UNF following extended storage, and addressing data gaps regarding nuclear fuel integrity, retrievability, and demonstration of subcriticality. Disposal R&D focuses on identifying geologic disposal options and addressing technical challenges for generic disposal concepts in mined repositories in salt, clay/shale, and granitic rocks, and deep borehole disposal. UFDC R&D goals include increasing confidence in the robustness of generic disposal concepts, reducing generic sources of uncertainty that may impact the viability of disposal concepts, and developing science and engineering tools to support the selection, characterization, and licensing of a repository. The US DOE has also initiated activities in the Nuclear Fuel Storage and Transportation (NFST) Planning Project to facilitate the development of an interim storage facility and to support transportation infrastructure in the near term.
CURRENT STATUS OF NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT (AND DISPOSAL) IN THE UNITED STATES
Kevin McMahon,Peter Swift,Mark Nutt,Jens Birkholzer,William Boyle,Timothy Gunter,Ned Larson,Robert MacKinnon,Ken Sorenson 한국방사성폐기물학회 2013 방사성폐기물학회지 Vol.1 No.1
The United States Department of Energy (US DOE) is conducting research and development (R&D) activities under the Used Fuel Disposition Campaign (UFDC) to support storage, transportation, and disposal of used nuclear fuel (UNF) and wastes generated by existing and future nuclear fuel cycles. R&D activities are ongoing at nine national laboratories, and are divided into storage, transportation and disposal. Storage R&D focuses on closing technical gaps related to extended storage of UNF. Transportation R&D focuses on ensuring transportability of UNF following extended storage, and addressing data gaps regarding nuclear fuel integrity, retrievability,and demonstration of subcriticality. Disposal R&D focuses on identifying geologic disposal options and addressing technical challenges for generic disposal concepts in mined repositories in salt, clay/shale, and granitic rocks, and deep borehole disposal. UFDC R&D goals include increasing confidence in the robustness of generic disposal concepts, reducing generic sources of uncertainty that may impact the viability of disposal concepts,and developing science and engineering tools to support the selection, characterization, and licensing of a repository. The US DOE has also initiated activities in the Nuclear Fuel Storage and Transportation (NFST) Planning Project to facilitate the development of an interim storage facility and to support transportation infrastructure in the near term.
The global industry for unproven stem cell interventions and stem cell tourism
Dominique S. McMahon 한국조직공학과 재생의학회 2014 조직공학과 재생의학 Vol.11 No.1
Stem cells have been heralded as a potential treatment for a wide range of disease and injury, but the development of treatments is still only in initial stages with most applications not yet demonstrating strong clinical benefit. In the interim, the sale of unproven stem cell interventions has developed into a major industry globally. Patients pay for stem cell interventions for a multitude of diseases or injuries prior to evidence of their safety or efficacy, promised benefits beyond what the medical literature can substantiate. This review describes the characteristics of the global stem cell treatment industry, including the types of treatments offered, the location and regulatory environment in which unproven treatments are sold, and the mechanisms uses to access patients and distribute treatments. This paper finds stem cell tourism to be a subset of what may be a much larger industry for stem cell interventions. Stem cell interventions may be appropriate in exceptional circumstances for small numbers of patients. However, the widespread use of unproven stem cell interventions does not create the empirical evidence to qualify as research, nor provides the assurance of medical benefits to qualify as treatment, creating ethical and regulatory challenges for both patient care and the development safe and efficacious stem cell treatments.
Design of a Feature-based Multi-viewpoint Design Automation System
Lee, Kwang-Hoon,McMahon, Chris A.,Lee, Kwan-H. Society for Computational Design and Engineering 2003 International Journal of CAD/CAM Vol.3 No.1
Viewpoint-dependent feature-based modelling in computer-aided design is developed for the purposes of supporting engineering design representation and automation. The approach of this paper uses a combination of a multi-level modelling approach. This has two stages of mapping between models, and the multi-level model approach is implemented in three-level architecture. Top of this level is a feature-based description for each viewpoint, comprising a combination of form features and other features such as loads and constraints for analysis. The middle level is an executable representation of the feature model. The bottom of this multi-level modelling is a evaluation of a feature-based CAD model obtained by executable feature representations defined in the middle level. The mappings involved in the system comprise firstly, mapping between the top level feature representations associated with different viewpoints, for example for the geometric simplification and addition of boundary conditions associated with moving from a design model to an analysis model, and secondly mapping between the top level and the middle level representations in which the feature model is transformed into the executable representation. Because an executable representation is used as the intermediate layer, the low level evaluation can be active. The example will be implemented with an analysis model which is evaluated and for which results are output. This multi-level modelling approach will be investigated within the framework aimed for the design automation with a feature-based model.