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Human Dignity and the Ethics of Human Enhancement
O’MATHÚNA, Dónal P. 이화여자대학교 이화인문과학원 2013 탈경계인문학 Vol.6 No.1
Human dignity supports the equal value of all humans and their ethical treatment. While human rights conventions use the term frequently, it is rarely defined. The term dignity is used differently, and two dimensions are described in detail. Inherent dignity is an intrinsic dimension held by all humans and is the basis of equal rights for all humans. Circumstantial dignity is another dimension, but is variable and changeable. This is in mind when circumstances are said to enhance or diminish someone’s dignity. The recent critique of dignity arises in part because of conflation of these two dimensions. Others reject dignity because of its religious connections. Such criticisms will be responded to in defense of dignity. Posthuman and transhuman enhancement also raise questions about the value of dignity because of its roots in humanism. Nick Bostrom defends posthuman dignity while critiquing Leon Kass’s bioconservative position. Bostrom’s argument will be critiqued because of his failure to distinguish between inherent and circumstantial dignity, and his misunderstanding of Kass’s claims. In contrast to the transhumanist enhancement project, inherent dignity points to the givenness and limitations of human nature. This indicates the importance of developing gratitude for human nature and avoiding an endless pursuit of perfection. Such an approach is not antagonistic to medicine and science. Instead, it places priority on improving the circumstantial dignity of all human beings, especially those who live without their basic needs being met. Their inherent dignity places a moral obligation on those with resources to help them. Medicine and science should focus on relieving their needs, not enhancing those who already have most needs met. Justice for all humans based on their inherent dignity is proposed as a significant argument against the ethics of transhuman enhancement.
Human Dignity and the Ethics of Human Enhancement
Dónal P. O’MATHÚNA 이화여자대학교 이화인문과학원 2013 탈경계인문학 Vol.6 No.1
Human dignity supports the equal value of all humans and their ethical treatment. While human rights conventions use the term frequently, it is rarely defined. The term dignity is used differently, and two dimensions are described in detail. Inherent dignity is an intrinsic dimension held by all humans and is the basis of equal rights for all humans. Circumstantial dignity is another dimension, but is variable and changeable. This is in mind when circumstances are said to enhance or diminish someone’s dignity. The recent critique of dignity arises in part because of conflation of these two dimensions. Others reject dignity because of its religious connections. Such criticisms will be responded to in defense of dignity. Posthuman and transhuman enhancement also raise questions about the value of dignity because of its roots in humanism. Nick Bostrom defends posthuman dignity while critiquing Leon Kass’s bioconservative position. Bostrom’s argument will be critiqued because of his failure to distinguish between inherent and circumstantial dignity, and his misunderstanding of Kass’s claims. In contrast to the transhumanist enhancement project, inherent dignity points to the givenness and limitations of human nature. This indicates the importance of developing gratitude for human nature and avoiding an endless pursuit of perfection. Such an approach is not antagonistic to medicine and science. Instead, it places priority on improving the circumstantial dignity of all human beings, especially those who live without their basic needs being met. Their inherent dignity places a moral obligation on those with resources to help them. Medicine and science should focus on relieving their needs, not enhancing those who already have most needs met. Justice for all humans based on their inherent dignity is proposed as a significant argument against the ethics of transhuman enhancement.
Math Renukaradhya K.,Nagakumar Bharatham,Palaksha K. Javaregowda,윤한대 한국현미경학회 2021 Applied microscopy Vol.51 No.1
Our previous study on the binding activity between Cel5H and clay minerals showed highest binding efficiency among other cellulase enzymes cloned. Here, based on previous studies, we hypothesized that the positive amino acids on the surface of Cel5H protein may play an important role in binding to clay surfaces. To examine this, protein sequences of Bacillus licheniformis Cel5H ( Bl Cel5H) and Paenibacillus polymyxa Cel5A ( Pp Cel5A) were analyzed and then selected amino acids were mutated. These mutated proteins were investigated for binding activity and force measurement via atomic force microscopy (AFM). A total of seven amino acids which are only present in Bl Cel5H but not in Pp Cel5A were selected for mutational studies and the positive residues which are present in both were omitted. Of the seven selected surface lysine residues, only three mutants K196A(M2), K54A(M3) and K157T(M4) showed 12%, 7% and 8% less clay mineral binding ability, respectively compared with wild-type. The probable reason why other mutants did not show altered binding efficiency might be due to relative location of amino acids on the protein surface. Meanwhile, measurement of adhesion forces on mica sheets showed a well-defined maximum at 69 ± 19 pN for wild-type, 58 ± 19 pN for M2, 53 ± 19 pN for M3, and 49 ± 19 pN for M4 proteins. Hence, our results demonstrated that relative location of surface amino acids of Cel5H protein especially positive charged amino acids are important in the process of clay mineral-protein binding interaction through electrostatic exchange of charges.
Design and Implementation of a Sequential Polynomial Basis Multiplier over GF(2<sup>m</sup>)
( Sudha Ellison Mathe ),( Lakshmi Boppana ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2017 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.11 No.5
Finite field arithmetic over GF(2<sup>m</sup>) is used in a variety of applications such as cryptography, coding theory, computer algebra. It is mainly used in various cryptographic algorithms such as the Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Twofish etc. The multiplication in a finite field is considered as highly complex and resource consuming operation in such applications. Many algorithms and architectures are proposed in the literature to obtain efficient multiplication operation in both hardware and software. In this paper, a modified serial multiplication algorithm with interleaved modular reduction is proposed, which allows for an efficient realization of a sequential polynomial basis multiplier. The proposed sequential multiplier supports multiplication of any two arbitrary finite field elements over GF(2<sup>m</sup>) for generic irreducible polynomials, therefore made versatile. Estimation of area and time complexities of the proposed sequential multiplier is performed and comparison with existing sequential multipliers is presented. The proposed sequential multiplier achieves 50% reduction in area-delay product over the best of existing sequential multipliers for m = 163, indicating an efficient design in terms of both area and delay. The Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) and the Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) implementation results indicate a significantly less power-delay and area-delay products of the proposed sequential multiplier over existing multipliers.
Sudha Ellison Mathe,Lakshmi Boppana 한국전자통신연구원 2017 ETRI Journal Vol.39 No.4
Multiplication in finite fields is used in many applications, especially in cryptography. It is a basic and the most computationally intensive operation from among all such operations. Several systolic multipliers are proposed in the literature that offer low hardware complexity or high speed. In this paper, a bit-parallel polynomial basis systolic multiplier for generic irreducible polynomials is proposed based on a modified interleaved multiplication method. The hardware complexity and delay of the proposed multiplier are estimated, and a comparison with the corresponding multipliers available in the literature is presented. Of the corresponding multipliers, the proposed multiplier achieves a reduction in the hardware complexity of up to 20% when compared to the best multiplier for m = 163. The synthesis results of application-specific integrated circuit and field-programmable gate array implementations of the proposed multiplier are also presented. From the synthesis results, it is inferred that the proposed multiplier achieves low power consumption and low area complexitywhen compared to the best of the corresponding multipliers.