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Computed Tomography Assessment of Intestinal Gas Volumes in Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
( Sebastian R Mc Williams ),( Patrick D Mc Laughlin ),( Owen J O’connor ),( Alan N Desmond ),( Aine Ni Laoire ),( Fergus Shanahan ),( Eamonn Mm Quigley ),( Michael M Maher ) 대한소화기기능성질환·운동학회 2012 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.18 No.4
Background/Aims Many patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) rank sensations of bloating and distension among their most debilitating symptoms. Previous studies that have examined intestinal gas volume (IGV) in patients with FGIDs have employed a variety of invasive and imaging techniques. These studies are limited by small numbers and have shown conflicting results. The aim of our study was to estimate, using CT of the abdomen and pelvis (CTAP), IGV in patients attending FGID clinic and to compare IGV in patients with and without FGID. Methods All CTAP (n = 312) performed on patients (n = 207) attending a specialized FGID clinic over 10-year period were included in this study. Patients were classified into one of 3 groups according to the established clinical grading system, as organic gastrointestinal disorder (OGID, ie, patients with an organic non-functional disorder, n = 84), FGID (n = 36) or organic and functional gastrointestinal disorder (OFGID, ie, patients with an organic and a functional disorder, n = 87). Two independent readers blinded to the diagnostic group calculated IGV using threshold based 3D region growing with OsiriX. Results Median IGVs for the FGID, OGID, and OFGID groups were 197.6, 220.6 and 155.0 mL, respectively. Stepwise linear regression revealed age at study, gender, and calculated body mass index to predict the log IGV with an r2 of 0.116, and P < 0.001. There was a significant positive correlation between age and IGV in OGID (Spearman’s = 0.253, P = 0.02) but this correlation was non-significant in the other groups. Conclusions Although bloating is a classic symptom in FGID patients, IGV may not be increased compared with OGID and OFGID patients. (J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012,18:419-425)
Jee, M. James,Dawson, William A.,Stroe, Andra,Wittman, David,van Weeren, Reinout J.,Brü,ggen, Marcus,Bradač,, Maruš,a,Rö,ttgering, Huub American Astronomical Society 2016 The Astrophysical journal Vol.817 No.2
<P>The galaxy cluster RX J0603.3+4214. at z-0.225 is one of the rarest clusters boasting an extremely large (similar to 2 Mpc) radio. relic. Because of the remarkable morphology of the relic, the cluster is nicknamed the. 'Toothbrush Cluster.' Although the cluster's underlying mass distribution is one of the critical pieces of information needed to reconstruct the merger scenario responsible for the puzzling radio. relic morphology, its proximity to the Galactic plane b similar to 10 degrees has imposed significant observational challenges. We present a high-resolution weak-lensing study of the cluster with Subaru/Suprime Cam and Hubble Space Telescope imaging data. Our mass reconstruction reveals that the cluster is composed of complicated dark matter substructures closely tracing the galaxy distribution, in contrast, however, with the relatively simple binary X-ray morphology. Nevertheless, we find that the cluster mass is still dominated by the two most massive clumps aligned north-south with a similar to 3: 1 mass ratio (M-200 = 6.29(-1.62)(+2.24) x 10(14) M-circle dot and 1.98(-0.74)(+1.24) x 10(14) M-circle dot for the northern and southern clumps, respectively). The southern mass peak is similar to 2' offset toward the south with respect to the corresponding X-ray peak, which has a 'bullet'-like morphology pointing south. Comparison of the current weak-lensing result with the X-ray, galaxy, and radio. relic suggests that perhaps the dominant mechanism responsible for the observed relic may be a highspeed collision of the two most massive subclusters, although the peculiarity of the morphology necessitates involvement of additional subclusters. Careful numerical simulations should follow in order to obtain more complete understanding of the merger scenario utilizing all existing observations.</P>
Ian M. Bassett,Shichun Lun,William R. Bishai,Haidan Guo,Joanna R. Kirman,Mudassar Altaf,Ronan F. O’Toole 한국미생물학회 2013 The journal of microbiology Vol.51 No.5
Many whole cell screens of chemical libraries currently in use are based on inhibition of bacterial growth. The goal of this study was to develop a chemical library screening model that enabled detection of compounds that are active against drug-tolerant non-growing cultures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. An in vitro model of low metabolically active mycobacteria was established with 8 and 30 day old cultures of M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis, respectively. Reduction of resazurin was used as a measure of viability and the assay was applied in screens of chemical libraries for bactericidal compounds. The model provided cells that were phenotypically-resilient to killing by first and second-line clinical drugs including rifampicin. Screening against chemical libraries identified proteasome inhibitors, NSC310551 and NSC321206, and a structurally-related series of thiosemicarbazones,as having potent killing activity towards aged cultures. The inhibitors were confirmed as active against virulent M. tuberculosis strains including multi- and extensively-drug resistant clinical isolates. Our library screen enabled detection of compounds with a potent level of bactericidal activity towards phenotypically drug-tolerant cultures of M. tuberculosis.
Boshoff, Helena I. M.,Xu, Xia,Tahlan, Kapil,Dowd, Cynthia S.,Pethe, Kevin,Camacho, Luis R.,Park, Tae-Ho,Yun, Chang-Soo,Schnappinger, Dirk,Ehrt, Sabine,Williams, Kerstin J.,Barry III, Clifton E. American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Bi 2008 The Journal of biological chemistry Vol.283 No.28
<P>Despite the presence of genes that apparently encode NAD salvage-specific enzymes in its genome, it has been previously thought that Mycobacterium tuberculosis can only synthesize NAD de novo. Transcriptional analysis of the de novo synthesis and putative salvage pathway genes revealed an up-regulation of the salvage pathway genes in vivo and in vitro under conditions of hypoxia. [14C]Nicotinamide incorporation assays in M. tuberculosis isolated directly from the lungs of infected mice or from infected macrophages revealed that incorporation of exogenous nicotinamide was very efficient in in vivo-adapted cells, in contrast to cells grown aerobically in vitro. Two putative nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferases, PncB1 (Rv1330c) and PncB2 (Rv0573c), were examined by a combination of in vitro enzymatic activity assays and allelic exchange studies. These studies revealed that both play a role in cofactor salvage. Mutants in the de novo pathway died upon removal of exogenous nicotinamide during active replication in vitro. Cell death is induced by both cofactor starvation and disruption of cellular redox homeostasis as electron transport is impaired by limiting NAD. Inhibitors of NAD synthetase, an essential enzyme common to both recycling and de novo synthesis pathways, displayed the same bactericidal effect as sudden NAD starvation of the de novo pathway mutant in both actively growing and nonreplicating M. tuberculosis. These studies demonstrate the plasticity of the organism in maintaining NAD levels and establish that the two enzymes of the universal pathway are attractive chemotherapeutic targets for active as well as latent tuberculosis.</P>
Neutron capture measurements and resonance parameters of dysprosium
Shin, S. G.,Kye, Y. U.,Namkung, W.,Cho, M. H.,Kang, Y. -R.,Lee, M. W.,Kim, G. N.,Ro, T. -I.,Danon, Y.,Williams, D.,Leinweber, G.,Block, R. C.,Barry, D. P.,Rapp, M. J. Springer-Verlag 2017 The european physical journal. A, Hadrons and nucl Vol.53 No.10
<P>Neutron capture yields of dysprosium isotopes (Dy-161, Dy-162, Dy-163, and Dy-164) were measured using the time-of-flight method with a 16 segment sodium iodide multiplicity detector. The measurements were made at the 25m flight station at the Gaerttner LINAC Center at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Resonance parameters were obtained using the multilevel R-matrix Bayesian code SAMMY. The neutron capture data for four enriched dysprosium isotopes and one natural dysprosium sample were sequentially fitted. New resonances not listed in ENDF/B-VII. 1 were observed. There were 29 and 17 new resonances from Dy-161 and Dy-163 isotopes, respectively. Six resonances from Dy-161 isotope, two resonances from Dy-163, and four resonances from Dy-164 were not observed. The capture resonance integrals of each isotope were calculated with the resulting resonance parameters and those of ENDF/B-VII. 1 in the energy region from 0.5 eV to 20MeV and were compared to the capture resonance integrals with the resonance parameters from ENDF/B-VII. 1. A resonance integral value of the natural dysprosium calculated with present resonance parameters was 1405 +/- 3.5 barn. The value is similar to 0.3% higher than that obtained with the ENDF/B-VII. 1 parameters. The distributions of the present and ENDF/B-VII. 1 neutron widths were compared to a Porter-Thomas distribution. Neutron strength functions for Dy-161 and Dy-163 were calculated with the present resonance parameters and both values were in between the values of 'Atlas of Neutron Resonances' and ENDF/B-VII. 1. The present radiation width distributions of Dy-161 and Dy-163 were fitted with the chi(2) distribution by varying the degrees of freedom.</P>
Lee, Hwa Jeong,Boado, Ruben J.,Brassch, Dwaine A.,Corey, David R.,Pardridge, William M. 梨花女子大學校 藥學硏究所 2002 藥學硏究論文集 Vol.- No.11
Disease-specific genes of unknown function can be imaged invivo with antisense radiopharmaceuticals, providing the trans-cellular transport of these molecules is enabled with drug-tar-geting technology. The current studies describe the productionof 16-mer peptide nucleic acid (PNA) that is antisense aroundthe methionine initiation codon of the huntingtin gene of Hun-tington's disease (HD). Methods: The PNA is biotinylated,which allows for rapid capture by a conjugate of streptavidinand the rat 8D3 monoclonal antibody (mAb) to the mouse trans-ferrin receptor (TfR), and contains a tyrosine residue, whichenables radiolabeling with ^125I. The reformulated PNA antisenseradiopharmaceutical that is conjugated to the 8D3 mAb is des-ignated ^125I-PNA/8D3, This form of the PNA is able to accessendogenous transferrin transport pathways at both the blood-brain barrier and the brain cell membrane and undergoes bothimport from the blood to the brain and export from the brain tothe blood through the TfR. Results: The ability of the PNA tohybridize to the target huntingtin RNA, despite conjugation tothe mAb, was shown both with cell-free translation assays andwith ribonuclease protection assays. The ^123I-PNA/8D3 conju-gate was administered intravenously to either littermate controlmice or to R6/2 transgenic mice, which express the exon 1 ofthe human HD gene. The mice were sacrificed 6 h later forfrozen sectioning of the brain and quantitative autoradiography.The studies showed a 3-fold increase in sequestration of the^125I-PNA/8D3 antisense radiopharmaceutical in the brains of theHD transgenic mice in vivo, consistent with the selective ex-pression of the HD exon-1 messenger RNA in these animals.Conclusion: These results support the hypothesis that geneexpression in vivo can be quantitated with antisense radiophar-maceuticals, providing these molecules are reformulated withdrug-targeting technology. Drug targeting enables access of theantisense agent to endogenous transport pathways, which per-mits passage across the cellular barriers that separate bloodand intracellular compartments of target tissues.
Utilizing Existing Aircraft Wound Field Generators for Starter-Generators
R. H. Williams,M. P. Foster,D. A. Stone,S. R. Minshull 전력전자학회 2011 ICPE(ISPE)논문집 Vol.2011 No.5
This paper proposes an alternative method for starting an aerospace gas turbine, temporarily driving its existing low inductance wound-field generator as a starter-motor using back-to-back connected, diode clamped inverters. This approach will result in a net weight saving as the existing pneumatic starter is now not required. A prototype converter is constructed and tested upon an aerospace generator, using a dynamometer to reproduce the turbines torque-speed characteristics.