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Transmission of Shared Tendencies in Contemporary Japanese Architecture
KIM LAWRENCE BYOUNG 대한건축학회지회연합회 2019 대한건축학회연합논문집 Vol.21 No.3
Department of Architecture, Pusan National University (Corresponding author, Email: lawrence.b.kim@gmail.com) This work was supported by a 2-year Research Grant of Pusan National University. Over the past two decades after the collapse of the bubble economy, Japanese architecture emerged onto the international stage as one of the most influential in contemporary architecture. However, its emergence to a position of such acclaim is intriguing in that unlike the past generations of architects in the modern era, the leading Japanese architects practicing today do not share a strong paradigm nor operate as a cohesive group. Nonetheless, there exists lineage of relationships and cross-pollination of ideas which have developed into shared architectural tendencies. The similar architectural sensibility is particularly evident in the younger generation of architects who have established their practice in the years following the collapse of the bubble economy. These generations of practitioners show tendencies to strive for diagrammatic quality, flimsy and light minimalism, and two-dimensional spatiality in their work. Distinctive qualities which are increasingly being identified with the leading architects practicing in Japan currently. The critical examination of the selected works produced by the architects reveals certain paradoxical ideas appears to be at work. First, utilizing what is a fundamentally explanatory device, diagram, as a performative device and the end goal. Second, striving for minimalistic aesthetics of utmost simplicity which require complex and extraordinary levels of work. Third, striving for two-dimensional spatiality in what is a three-dimensional discipline in its core. While such seemingly arbitrary and stylistic inclinations have attracted some criticism, such inclinations appear to have been shaped by the cultural sensibility, societal change, and needs of an era.
Chinese Nuclear Doctrine, Weapons and Policies
Lawrence E. Grinter 인하대학교 국제관계연구소 2013 Pacific Focus Vol.28 No.1
As the governments of the United States and Russia reduce their nuclear weapons inventories through negotiated arms control agreements, the Chinese government remains outside this strategic weapons trend while also continuing to modernize the People’s Republic of China (PRC)’s nuclear weapons arsenal. Chinese policy, therefore, presents a number of dilemmas for global arms control. For example, given the PRC’s lack of transparency,could Beijing be secretly building new missiles and warheads inside China’s many miles of tunnels, and going for a first-strike capability or, in keeping with the PRC’s announced doctrine of “minimal deterrence,” is Beijing simply hardening and modernizing the weapons capabilities they already have? This paper explores the public information and the debates about China’s nuclear weapons as well as PRC nuclear proliferation behavior and agreements. The paper concludes with suggestions for encouraging more PRC nuclear transparency with the goal of producing a more stable situation.
The Equivalence of t-wise and Pareto Optimality: A Generalization
Lawrence Benveniste,Byoung Heon Jun 서울대학교 경제연구소 1990 Seoul journal of economics Vol.3 No.3
We study the optimality of allocations obtained in an economy in which agents are not coordinated by a single consistent system like Walrasian auctioneer. In order to exploit all the opportunities for mutually beneficial trade, people must find a way to coordinate themselves beyond the limitation set by the incomplete market structure. We will consider economies whose market structure does not necessarily permit a full coordination, and completely characterize the condition which must be satisfied to guarantee a Pareto optimal outcome. Our result generalizes previous equivalence conditions.