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Search for GUT monopoles at Super-Kamiokande
The Super-Kamiokande Collaboration,Ueno, K.,Abe, K.,Hayato, Y.,Iida, T.,Iyogi, K.,Kameda, J.,Koshio, Y.,Kozuma, Y.,Miura, M.,Moriyama, S.,Nakahata, M.,Nakayama, S.,Obayashi, Y.,Sekiya, H.,Shiozawa, M. North-Holland ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2012 Astroparticle physics Vol.36 No.1
GUT monopoles captured by the Sun's gravitation are expected to catalyze proton decays via the Callan-Rubakov process. In this scenario, protons, which initially decay into pions, will ultimately produce ν<SUB>e</SUB>,ν<SUB>μ</SUB> and ν@?<SUB>μ</SUB>. After undergoing neutrino oscillation, all neutrino species appear when they arrive at the Earth, and can be detected by a 50,000 metric ton Water Cherenkov detector, Super-Kamiokande (SK). A search for low energy neutrinos in the electron total energy range from 19 to 55MeV was carried out with SK and gives a monopole flux limit of F<SUB>M</SUB>(σ<SUB>0</SUB>/1mb)<6.3x10<SUP>-24</SUP>(β<SUB>M</SUB>/10<SUP>-3</SUP>)<SUP>2</SUP>cm<SUP>-2</SUP>s<SUP>-1</SUP>sr<SUP>-1</SUP> at 90% C.L., where β<SUB>M</SUB> is the monopole velocity in units of the speed of light and σ<SUB>0</SUB> is the catalysis cross section at β<SUB>M</SUB>=1. The obtained limit is several orders of magnitude more stringent than the current best cosmic-ray supermassive monopole flux limit for β<SUB>M</SUB><10<SUP>-2</SUP> and also two orders of magnitude lower than the result of the Kamiokande experiment, which used a similar detection method.