김춘수의 시적 정서와 기독교적 심상

김효중 ( Hyo Joong Kim ) 세계문학비교학회 ( 구 한국세계문학비교학회 ) 2007 世界文學比較硏究 Vol.19 No.-

This Article is a research on Choon Soo Kim`s poetic Emotion and Images based on the Christianity. To Jesus, the man in poverty should be first. Jesus as an arnachist on the basis of his anti-historical thought, because Jesus stands on the side of the poor and the weak against the rich and powerful. In Kim`s poems, Jesus appears as a character of solitary existence. Jesus is not portrayed as a historical being but as poetic reality that removes the thought of dichotomy and closes in upon our being. Kim finds the view of his poetry. the so-called Aesthetics Uselessness, in the spirit of Jesus. That the common notion which insists that labour is more worthy than play should be removed. We must recognize that the value of play is as the value of labour. Every means to that end or that ideology is always justified. Jesus endures the terrible pain of crucification to save mankind from evil. Choon-Soo Kim sees a high souled person in Jesus who opposed violence with his nonresistance. Kim thinks that the soul Jesus can overcome the untruth of history made by man. In short, Kim doesn`t trust history made by man. He writes in his poems of the dreams and realities made by the solitary existence of Jesus.

주형을 이용한 실리카 나노구조체 합성

김효중,곽중협,서태수,서동수 한국화학공학회 2002 Korean Chemical Engineering Research(HWAHAK KONGHA Vol.40 No.3

나노미터 직경을 갖는 침상형의 주형(hydroxyapatite)을 이용한 새로운 접근 방법으로 실리카 나노구조체를 졸-겔법을 근간으로 합성하였다. 본 합성법은 나노전구체(실리카 피복 주형) 제조, 나노전구체 소성 및 주형제거 과정으로 구성되어 있다. 나노전구체에 대한 주사 전자현미경(SEM), 투과 전자현미경(TEM), X-선 회절 분석(XRD) 및 광전자 분광 분석(XPS) 결과를 통해 주형 표면에 실리카가 피복되어 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, 고분해능 XPS 분석에 의해 관찰되는 넓고 비대칭적인 O 1s 스펙트럼의 curve-fitting을 검토한 결과 나노전구체 표면에 여러 종류의 산소가 존재함을 보였다. 또한, 에너지 분산 X-선 분석(EDS)을 통해 나노구조체는 실리콘과 산소로 조성되어 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 실리카 나노구조체 직경은 대부분 50-200㎚ 정도로 주형의 직경과 동일한 양상을 보였다. 이상의 결과를 통해 본 연구에서 제안한 방법이 나노구조체의 새로운 합성방법으로써 적용 가능함을 확인할 수 있었다. A novel technique for the synthesis of silica nanostructures with needle-like template, hydroxyapatite, having nanometer diameter was investigated in this study. The synthetic method consisted of the following main steps: the preparation of nanoprecursor(silica-coated templates), the calcination of nanoprecursor and the removal of templates. The analysis results of scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD) and X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy(XPS) for nanoprecursor revealed that silica particles were deposited onto the surface of templates. Further examinations(curve-fitting processing) of the asymmetrical broadening of O 1s peaks in the XPS spectra indicate the presence of multiple oxygen species on the surface. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS) result confirmed that nanostructures were composed of silicon and oxygen. The diameters of the synthesized nanostructures, mainly in the range of 50-200㎚, correspond to the diameters of the templates. The results confirm that the proposed technique in this study can be utilized as a new method to fabricate the nanostructures.

폐미니즘 비평론에서 본 姜恩橋의 詩 世界

金涍中 대구효성가톨릭대학교 1992 연구논문집 Vol.45 No.1

In her series of poems <ROTATION-Ⅰ-Ⅳ>, the poet gives us the message that we can to beyond the limitation of our ordinary life and live higher life only when we are always moving and awake as the earth does, which is the meaning of the title. In her <ROTATION I>, the poet sings the life journey, which is destined for death, and wants us to know that we human beings can do a great thing only when we throw away our selfishness and turn into one with each other ; just as the smaller grains sands break into, the more firmly they get together. In her <ROTATION Ⅱ>, the poet sees the human existence, recognizing the fact that the whole human history has been turning its wheel thanks to women's wombs. In her <ROTATION Ⅲ>, the poet, with description of the repetition of human ordinary life and his profound understanding of life, shows us her readiness to accept the inevitable death when it comes. In her <ROTATION Ⅳ>, finally the poet, who is fully ready to accept the death, is faced with the death and she, in the face of the transiency of life, attains great love, forgiveness and patience. Thus, through the transcendence of death, the poetical stage of complete self-realization. The poet uses various images to support the theme of death. Her poems are based upon the rationalism, which is one of the masculine principles, and can be said to be typical models of feminism literature which are out of the category of feminine principles.

복강경하 대장절제술을 시행 받는 환자에서 라모세트론과 온단세트론외 술 후 오심 및 구토 예방 효과 비교

김효중;어전영;어근무;어정한;엄세훈;조광래;김명훈 인제대학교 2011 仁濟醫學 Vol.32 No.-

Objectives : We evaluated the efficacy of ramosetron and ondansetron for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in laparoscopic colectomy. Methods and Materials : Eighty patients who received laparoscopic colectomy were randomly divided into two groups: R group (ramosetron 0.1mg PO) and O group (ondansetron 4mg twice IV). Injection or oral medication was administered before the induction of anesthesia in each group. Injection was administered at the end of surgery in O group. General anesthesia was induced using propofol and rocuronium, and maintained with sevoflurane, remifentanil and air (FiO2 0.5), We investigated the incidences of PONV in each group by the Rhodes index of nausea, vomiting and retching (RINVR) at postoperative 6 and 24 hours. Results : The incidence of PONV was not different between group at each time points after surgery (at postoperative 6 hours: 20% in group R, 17.5% in group 0, at postoperative 24 hours; 12.5% in group R, 7.5% in group 0). There was no difference in the severity of PONV, satisfaction, rescue drug usage. Conclusion : Prophylactic therapy with ramosetron is as effective as conventional prophylactic therapy with ondansetron for preventing PONV in general anesthesia for laparoscopic colectomy.

디바이스 전압제어를 통한 동적 소모 전력 관리

김형필,서효중 가톨릭대학교 자연과학연구소 2005 자연과학논문집 Vol.26 No.-

배터리의 용량이 한정된 이동기기에서는 배터리의 효율을 높이기 위한 전력 절감 기법에 관련한 기술이 중요시된다. 배터리의 용량을 증대시키기 위한 기존의 방법으로 시스템 전체의 평균 동작 전압을 감소시킴으로써 전력 소비량을 줄이는 방법이 제시되어 왔다. 이는 프로세서의 저전력 정책으로 시스템의 상태에 따라 프로세서의 주파수와 공급 전압을 조절함으로써 시스템 전체의 전력 소비를 감소시켜 결과적으로 배터리의 사용량을 증대시킨다. 본 연구에서는 현재 프로세서에만 사용되어 오던 주파수와 공급 전압의 조절을 배터리의 잔량에 따라 각 디바이스에 적용한 DPM(Dynamic Power Management)을 제시함으로써, 프로세서의 전력 관리보다 시스템 차원에서 배터리의 특성을 고려한 부가적 전력 절감 기법을 제시한다.

한국 현대시와 조각·건축물의 상호 조명

김효중 한국비교문학회 2003 比較文學 Vol.30 No.-

Many of the Korean contemporary poems treat architectural constructions and artistic sculptures as poetic object. A few examples of them would be Kwangwhamun, which is the cultural symbol of Chosun dynasty, Bulguksa, Seokgulam, and Dabotab of Silla dynasty. Both poets and the readers of this type of poems, which have those aforementioned objects as poetic theme, dhould have a mutualunderstanding on historical connotation of the objects. Park Chong-wha, Park Hee-jin, Han Ha-wun, Kim Sang-ok, Paek Seok are typical poets who take historical architectures and sculptures as poetic objects. Their poems investigate the desire of human beings for eternity, perfection and ideal humanism. Park Chong-wha's works are full of romantic sentimentalism by using symbols. They are generally based on traditions. His Seokgulamdaebul is also related to the Korean history and tradition. It is unique that he has chosen a sculpture in particular as object for the poem. Park Hee-jin pursues the world of pure feeling as well as that of Buddhism. At the same time he seeks after the buddhist truth in his works. This tendency is shown in his To Kwanseumsang, too. The reflections of his efforts to purify himself are scattered around in his works. Han Ha-wun's Kwanseumbosalsang has it in common with other poets' work in the point that it is based on the writer's own emotional reaction towards the object. However it goes further to express the poets personal agony due physical illness. Kim snag-ok's Dabotab lacks the explanation on the historical meaning of the object and the description its appearance. It probably is due to the form this poem takes, which is called 'si-jo'. Peak Seok's Jjeongjuseong is also based on the tradition but he dosen't seem to care about historical or geographical facts of the objects he is writing about. Generally speaking, the poems, which choose architectures and sculptures as poetic objects are looking at the readers lives from above and presenting the ideal society of solidarity. They are also seeking after the eternity and humanism with free expressions and styles. As revealed in the chosen objects, they have a root in the Korean tradition, reality and sensibility. Therefore they are surely one of the examples that are the essence of the Korean Literature. Besides, through these poems we learn anew our long tradition and reality, the sensibility of our poems we learn anew our long tradition and reality, the sensibility of our own people and competence of creativeness. Without doubt, those poems are unique heritage of Korean literary tradition.

위 윤상근 세포의 Ca^(2+) - 작동성 K+ - 전류에 관한 연구

김이중,방효원,엄대용,이상돈 중앙대학교 의과대학 의과학연구소 1990 中央醫大誌 Vol.15 No.4

In order to study the presence and properties of K^++ currents, especially Ca^(2+)-dependent one which was known in other smooth muscle cells but scarcely in mammalian gastric circular muscle cells, the patch clamp experiments with whole cell mode were conducted using single smooth muscle cells after digestion of circular muscle strips of rabbit's pyloric antrum with collagenase. The followings were obtained: 1. Large outward oscillatory' currents were recorded when the internal solution was K-Aspartate. 2. These currents showed dependence on the intra-and extracellular calcium ion, extracellular verapamil and pH. 3. These currents could be blocked completely by intracellular cesium ion and TEA. 4. Recovery process of the current with time was very slow and the inactivation with conditioned potentials was incomplete. Therefore, this current would be the Ca^(2+)-dependent K^+ current in a circular smooth muscle cell of gastric pylorus which should be important in repolarization and excitability in general.

최신 번역이론의 관점에서 본 1930년대 한국시 번역 : 주로 시문학파의 번역을 중심으로 Focused on Simunhakpa's Heritage

김효중 배달말학회 2003 배달말 Vol.33 No.-

본 연구는 아직까지 우리나라에 번역비평이 거의 이루어지지 않은 점을 감안하여 1930년대의 번역 특히 시문학파의 번역을 면밀히 분석하고자 하는데에 목표가 있다. 번역비평의 기준을 최근에 번역학계에서 대두되고 있는 문화번역이론에 두고 박용철, 정지용, 김영랑이 추구한 번역방법이나 태도를 가능한 한 객관적으로 조명하고자 하였다. 위의 세 번역자들은 언어 문제에서는 역어 즉 우리말 중심의 번역을 하고 있고 비록 원작에 미약하게 반영되어 있지만 이데올로기, 역사와 관습, 종교등 언어 외적 문제를 고려하여 번역한 것으로 평가된다. 그리고 이들은 시번역에서 문제시되는 원시에서의 운율번역은 우리말의 어미 반복을 통한 각운으로써 원시의 운율을 살렸고 문장 부호와 시행을 임의로 조정하였는데 이것은 독자를 염두에 두고 번역한 결과로 보인다. 이들이 번역하는 과정에서 가능한 한 시적 분위기를 창출할 수 있는 어휘를 골라 썼고 이를 위해서 새로운 낱말을 독창적으로 만들어 쓰기도 한 것은 국어의 어휘를 풍부히 했다는 데 의의가 있으며 우리 문화를 창조하려는 의욕에 힘입은 결과라고 할 수 있다. 그리고 이것은 번역이 번역자의 언어능력과 창조성의 문제가 특히 중시되어야 한다는 문화번역이론의 핵심에 맞닿는 부분이다. 한편, 어떻게 번역하는가 하는 문제는 원작이 지닌 높은 문학적 가치를 역어로써 창출하는 동시에 원작의 특성을 어떻게 살리느냐가 관건임을 고려할 때 본고의 논의의 대상이 된 번역자들은 각각 번역자로서 역량을 발휘한 것으로 평가된다. 문화번역이론의 궁극목표는 텍스트의 기능에 초점을 맞추는 것이므로 모든 것이 역문 중심으로 행해진다는 관점에서 1930년대 한국 시번역은 그 방법적 측면에서 원문 중심보다는 역문 중심의 번역이고 독자를 최대한 배려하는 가운데 작업이 이루어졌다. 그 결과 이들 세 번역자는 1930년대 한국번역문학사의 한 획을 그은 셈이다. As was discussed in the article, Park Yong-chul, Kim Young-rang, and Jeong Ji-yong put more weight on the target language or Korean, when translating, while considering the other issues such as ideology, history, customs, and religion. Park's Lilke, Kim's Yeats, and Jeong's Blake do not present too conspicuous a difference in terms of ideology yet. Surely, though, these Korean artists saw their foreign counterparts' works of art through the glasses of Confucianism and the conventions of the ancient philosophical tradition. Their translation reflects then-Korean society to a degree. They surely had the readers of the target texts in mind. In the meantime, Jeong Ji-yong selected words carefully or even created new ones he thought compatible to the poetic atmosphere; this enriched the treasury of the Korean language to a large extent. The creative power inspired by these efforts shows the fact that translator's linguistic competence and creativity are essential part of translation in which cultural aspects of both the source and target texts are not ignored. The recently spot-lighted theory of translation, or the cultural translation theory focuses on the functions of the texts, thus being centered on the target texts. From this viewpoint, the translation of the Korean modem poems of the 1930's was conducted with the emphasis on the target texts and their readers. These three translators who were also a poet gave fully play to their literary abilities marking the decisive moments in translation history of modern Korea.

萬海 詩 象徵 技法의 女性性

김효중 대구효성가톨릭대학교 사회과학연구소 1999 女性問題硏究 Vol.24 No.-

This article is dealing with essential characteristics of symbols in Man-hae's poems. The one of them is an abstract one which is related to the word 'way' and the other a natural one related to the words 'willow', 'flower' and 'gold'. The author developed her idea about those characteristics especially in reference to the several poems of his own. For intance, 「My way」, 「Stuck on the road」, 「Planted willow」, 「Dream without Slumber」, and 「ln the Shrine for Non-kae as her sweetheart」, which were not dicussed fully enough. And finally the author reaches the conclusion mentioned below. In his poem 「My way」, Man-hae's points of view about life and the universe is clearly manifested. According to his own view, there are only two ways for him to go. One is connected to his beloved one, so called 'nim(님)'. The another stretched to the resolute death. If he couldn't reach the place where his beloved one exists and be rested in peace by him, then he would have no other choices than to take the way of death resolutely, without any hesitation at all. The word 'beloved one' has various meanings according to the readers, but it generally means 'the absolute being', and Man-hae could sacrifice even his own life for it. This means that he tried to find a way to overcome the dreadful situations in those days and also resisted actively against the Japanese pressure while other Korean literary people were just decadent and hopeless. The poem, 「Dream without Slumber」 is based on the Buddhism. It says, "one who pursues worthlessness can realize the truth only after 'crashing' himself against the worthlessness itself". This poem is written in a very plain words, but the reader should appreciate it seriously to figure out the hidden meanings. 「Planted willow」 is rather short than the rest of his works. In this poem, however, Man-hae's active attitude is impressively revealed and his boundless imagination creates a consistent and transcendent realm. In the poem 「In the shrine for Non-kae as her sweetheart」, Man-hae uses the word 'flower' as a general and individual symbol. That 'flower' doesn't wither away but will last forever. 'Gold' is often used as one of the images along with other materials like pearl, diamond and jewel in his poems, for instance, 「Don't leave me」, 「A serene night」, 「life」 and 「In the shrine for Non-kae as her sweetheart」. The image of 'gold' is Man-hae's poectic device, which reveals how noble, immaculate and firm the existence of his beloved one is. And 'the process of self-command' is the unique feature of his poems. Moreover, the feminine persona in his poems performs the efforts towards the self-command in a very mild and gentle way. The literary-historical value of his poems can be defined in a various ways. But according to the author, the fundamental of his poems is the symbolic meaning of 'generality' in his poems which got its shape under the specific period of Korean history when people desperately experienced the absense of God. But accepting the very fact that we, human beings, are always lacking and wanting, Man-hae tried to seek for the truth which is often described as his beloved me. And that makes his poems to be pertinent even nowadays.

번역등가 설정의 문제점과 방법에 관한 연구

김효중 대구효성가톨릭대학교 1995 연구논문집 Vol.50 No.1

Der Ziel der Ubersetzungswissenschaft soll die theoretisch-methodologischen Grundlagen liefern, die erlauben den Ubersetzungsprozeβ adaguat zu beschrieben, Moglichkeiten und Grenzen der Ubersetzbarkeit, festzustellen und dem Ubersetzer Arbeitshypothesen und Ubersetzungsstrategien an die Hand zu geben. Die Herstellung des Ubersetzungsprozeβes, der das Ubersetzen einerseits als Verstehens-und Auslegungsprozeβ, anderseits als schopferisch-kunstlerischen, rein subjektiven Umsetzungsprozeβbestimmt, soll der Kernpunkt in der Ubersetzungswissenschaft sein. Dabei muβman die Sprach-und auβersprachlichen Aspekte des Ubersetzens ins Zentrum stellen. Der Begriff der Aguivalenz spielt in der linguistisch und Kommunikationswissenschaftlich Orientierten Ubersetzungswissenschaft eine Zentrale Rolle. In der Ubersetzungswissenschaft werden sprachliche Einheiten verschiedener Art und Große einander zugeordnet werden mussen. Der Aguivalenzbegriff wird ganz unterschiedlich und Verschieden gefaijt. Die Ubersetzungswissenschaft untersucht die Bedingungen von Aguivalenz und beschreibt die Zuordnungen von Außerungen und Texten in zwei Sprachen, fur die das Kriterium der Ubersetzungsaguivalenz gilt. Der Hauptpunkt dieses Artikels ist es zunachst, das Verlangen nach besseren Ubersetzung angelegt zu werden. Folgendes Punkte sind wichtig in diesem Zusammenhang. 1) Vom Gesichtspunkt der Syntax, Lexikologie Und stilistik her den Ausgangstext zu analysieren. 2) Die bei der Herstellung der Ubersetzungsaguivalenz herausgebildeten schwierigkeiten herauszufinden. 3) Vom Gesichtspunkt der semantischen und stilistischen Ubersetzungsaguivalenz her das Ubersetzungsresultat zu kritisieren. 4) Das Ubersetzungsresulat beim Sprecher der Ausgangssprache Uberpruft werden zu lassen. Allerdings besteht die schwierigkeit des Ubersetzens darin, daß alle Ubersetzungsprobleme nicht kinguistischer Art sind. Viele sind es im Sinne der sprachphilosophischen Einsicht, daßjede Sprache die Wirklichkeit immer nur partiell erfaßt.