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Predicting and Assessing Cooperation in Multilateral River Basins
Keir Thornburg 한국무역통상학회 2019 무역통상학회지 Vol.19 No.5
This study reexamines a model of cooperation for transboundary waters derived from considerations of transaction costs and international relations. The model of Lee and Lee (2013) is revised and operationalized for quantitative testing. Results are analyzed based on an independently developed index reflecting the principled contents of international fresh water agreements. Fifty-two agreements from four basins were coded for core principles of the 1997 United Nations Watercourses Convention, along with related elements indicating deeper levels of institutionalization, to generate index values. We find support for the model’s predictions regarding the Rhine-Meuse and Mekong basins examined in the initial study; however, extending the model to two further basins is less straightforward. Nonetheless, the model may provide insight into factors affecting the management of shared waters, and considerations of certain qualifying factors regarding its application to the Amazon and Incomati basins lend support to its predictive validity. The index developed here may offer a detailed means of assessing the level of cooperation present within any given multilateral river basin.
Myth and Reality in Trust-Building in the Korean Peninsula
Keir A. Lieber(키어 A. 리버) 한국전략문제연구소 2013 전략연구 Vol.58 No.-
South Korean President Park Geun-Hye’s “trustpolitik” proposal seeks to combine renewed dialogue and outreach to North Korea with a clear commitment to robust deterrence. Although commendable, South Korea will have difficulty trying to build trust given the nature of U.S. and South Korean military strategy for a war with North Korea. Simply put, the way that the Combined Forces Command (CFC) intends to fight a Korean war is highly escalatory; it exacerbates the incentives that North Korea already faces to resort to nuclear use in a conventional war. This paper describes how the modern “way of war”-which is heavily dependent on using airstrikes to rapidly destroy enemy leadership sites, degrade enemy command and control, and deny enemy situational awareness -ould greatly increase the likelihoodof North Korean nuclear escalation. The paper concludes with a discussion of important policy and force structure implications for U.S. and South Korean leaders.
키어 A. 리버(Keir A. Lieber) 한국전략문제연구소 2013 전략연구 Vol.58 No.-
박근혜 대통령의 “신뢰외교(trustpolitik)” 제안은 굳건한 억제에 기초하여 대화재개와 대북지원을 함께 추진하고자 한다. 고무적인 일이기는 하지만, 북한과의 전쟁을 염두에 둔 한미 군사전략의 속성을 감안할 때 한국은 북한과의 신뢰구축에 어려움을 겪을 것이다. 간단히 말해, 한미 연합사(CFC)가 한반도에서 수행하고자 하는 전쟁 방식은 핵 위기고조의 가능성이 매우 높다. 즉, 북한이 이미 당면한 재래식 전쟁에서 핵의 사용에 의지하고자 유인(誘因)을 심화시킬 수 있다. 현대의 “전쟁방식”(way of war)은 적의 지도부를 신속히 파괴하고 적의 지휘통제를 무력화시키고 적의 상황인식을 방해하기 위해 항공타격에 크게 의존하고 있다. 본고는 이러한 전쟁방식이 북핵 문제의 핵 위기고조 가능성을 얼마나 크게 증가시킬 것인가를 살펴보고자 한다. 결론에서는 한미 지도자들에게 중요한 정책과 전력구조에 대한 함의를 제시하고자 한다.
Sarcopenia and Muscle Aging: A Brief Overview
탐 다오,Alexander E. Green,김윤아,배성진,하기태,Karim Gariani,이미라,Keir J. Menzies,유동렬 대한내분비학회 2020 Endocrinology and metabolism Vol.35 No.4
The world is facing the new challenges of an aging population, and understanding the process of aging has therefore become one of the most important global concerns. Sarcopenia is a condition which is defined by the gradual loss of skeletal muscle mass and function with age. In research and clinical practice, sarcopenia is recognized as a component of geriatric disease and is a current target for drug development. In this review we define this condition and provide an overview of current therapeutic approaches. We further highlight recent findings that describe key pathophysiological phenotypes of this condition, including alterations in muscle fiber types, mitochondrial function, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) metabolism, myokines, and gut microbiota, in aged muscle compared to young muscle or healthy aged muscle. The last part of this review examines new therapeutic avenues for promising treatment targets. There is still no accepted therapy for sarcopenia in humans. Here we provide a brief review of the current state of research derived from various mouse models or human samples that provide novel routes for the development of effective therapeutics to maintain muscle health during aging.