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Kawanishi Yuya 한국학중앙연구원 2012 장서각 Vol.0 No.27
This thesis documents on non-Gosin(告身) styled documents in the Goryeo and Joseon Dynasties, which is the written appointments except for regular ones as known as Gosin including Josamunseo(朝謝文書), Gwangyo(官敎), and Gyochop(敎牒). The existence of written appointments, such as Chacheop(差帖) and Jeonryeong(傳令) in the Joseon Dynasty, and Chabu(箚付) from the late Goryeo to early Joseon Dynasty have been confirmed, however, there have been only a few individual researches on it without taking a comprehensive approach. Therefore, this thesis aimed to organize types and functions of non-Gosin styled documents in the Goryeo and Joseon Dynasties and also examine the relations between non-Gosin styled documents and Gosin in the Tang, Song, Yuan, and Ming dynasties in China additionally to see the origin of it. These approaches yielded the following results; first of all, Chacheop, Chagwan(差關), and Jeonryeong were used as a document of appointment in the Joseon Dynasty, which are characterized in that they were granted by central or local officials, not given for Changwan(散官), and used for particular official appointments. As a non-Gosin styled documents from the late of Goryeo to early Joseon Dynasty, there were Chabu, and so on used when appointing people in Jeju or Jusen to Manho(萬戶), Cheonho(千戶), Baekho(百戶), etc.. Moreover, many common points about non-Gosin styled documents are found among the Goryeo, Joseon Dynasties and each dynasties in China which proclaims that the former lies on the latter's genealogy. 이 글은 高麗와 朝鮮의 '非告身 임명문서'에 대하여 고찰한 것이다. 非告身 임명문서란 통상 임명에 사용되었던 告身(朝謝文書·官敎·敎牒) 이외의 임명문서를 가리킨다. 조선시대에는 差帖이나 傳令과 같은 임명문서가, 그리고 고려말기·조선초기(13세기 중엽~15세기 말)에는 箚付 등의 임명문서가 존재하고 있었음을 확인할 수 있다. 이들 非告身 임명문서에 대해서는 이제까지 소수의 개별 연구가 있었을 뿐이고, 그 실태가 종합적으로 검토된 적이 없었다. 때문에 이 글에서는 高麗·朝鮮의 非告身 임명문서의 종류와 기능의 정리를 목적으로 삼았다. 또 非告身 임명문서의 기원에 대해서 고찰하기 위해 중국 여러 왕조(唐·宋·元·明)의 告身과 非告身 임명문서의 관계에 대해서도 살펴보았다. 검토의 결과는 다음과 같다. 조선시대에는 差帖·差關·傳令이 임명문서로서 사용되고 있었다. 그 특징은 ①중앙·지방의 관부·관료에서 발급되었고, ②散官(文武散階)을 부여하지 않았고, ③특수한 관직임명에 사용되었다고 정리할 수 있다. 고려말기와 조선초기의 非告身 임명문서로서는 箚付 등을 들 수 있고, 濟州人이나 女眞人을 萬戶·千戶·百戶 등으로 임명할 때 사용되었던 것이 확인된다. 또 高麗와 朝鮮의 非告身 임명문서와 중국 여러 왕조의 非告身 임명문서에는 공통점이 많아 전자가 후자의 계보 상에 위치하는 것으로 생각된다.
Kawanishi, Yuji,Inoue, Kyoko,Ohta, Shin-Ichi,Miyazawa, Akira Korean Society of Photoscience 2014 Rapid communication in photoscience Vol.3 No.4
Synthesis of a deuterium-labeled derivative of nitrospirobenzopyran (NSP), one of representative photochromic compounds, has been described. Four deuteriums were successfully introduced on 1-methyl and ${\alpha}$-methyne relative to spiro-carbon in the title compound with more than 95atom%D purity. Main photodegraded products of NSP were two oxindoles in acetonitrile, and additional products were formed in poly(isobutyl-methacrylate) films possibly due to restricted molecular motion in polymer matrix. Quantitative HPLC analysis revealed that partial introduction of deuterium to NSP brought a noticeable isotope effect, recognizable enhancement in photo-resistivity of NSP, i.e.,8.3% in solutions and 29% in polymeric films.
NITROGEN REMOVAL BY USING RICE STRAW
Kawanishi,Takuya,Hayashi,Yoshishige 嶺南大學校 環境問題硏究所 1994 環境硏究 Vol.14 No.1
To overcome the problems brought about by excess nitrogen in water environment, various efforts to enhance denitrification will be necessary, not only in wastewater treatment, but also in the use of natural self-purification processes. We intend to use solid organic matter of high C/N ratio as the carbon source for denitrification. The possible application of this will be enhancement of denitrification in wetland, in soil infiltration wastewater treatments, etc. In this study we use rice straw and investigated the relationship between the amount of rice straw and that of denitrification. Rice straw was packed into column, kept at 25℃, and potassium nitrate solution was supplied continuously at the rate of 25ml per day for 200 days. The amount of rice straw was 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 or 5.0g, concentration of supplied nitrate nitrogen was 0(distilled water), 20, 50 or 200mg per litter. The concentration of nitrate, nitrite, ammonium ion and dissolved organic carbon in the effluent was measured, and the amount of denitrification was calculated based on mass balance. After the continuous nitrate supply experiments, the remained rice straw was weighed and its carbon and nitrogen contents were measured. The mass ratio of denitrified nitrogen to the mass of initial rice straw was about 1.9%. About 68% of original rice straw carbon remained, 21% leached and 9% degraded.
Mechanism of guanine-specific DNA damage by UVA and its role in photocarcinogenesis and photoaging
Kawanishi, Shosuke,Oikawa, Shinji,Hiraku, Yusuke Korean Society of Photoscience 2002 Journal of Photosciences Vol.9 No.2
Solar UV light is a well-known carcinogen. UVA radiation is probably carcinogenic to humans. In addition, recent investigations point to the importance of UVA irradiation in the photoaging. We investigated the mechanism of sequence- specific DNA damage using $\^$32/P-Iabeled DNA fragments in relation to carcinogenesis and aging. Furthermore, we investigated whether UVA accelerates the telomere shortening in human WI-38 fibroblasts. The exposure of double- stranded DNA fragments to 365 nm light in the presence of endogenous sensitizers produced sequence-specific cleavage at the 5' site of 5'-GG-3' and 5'-GGG-3' sequences. In addition, HPLC analysis revealed that sensitizers plus 365 nm light increased the 8-oxodG content of double-stranded DNA. We discuss the mechanisms of guanine-specific DNA damagecaused by excited photosensitizers in relation to carcinogenesis and aging.