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India’s efforts to achieve 1.5 billion COVID-19 vaccinations: a narrative review
Kapil Singh,Ashwani Verma,Monisha Lakshminarayan 질병관리본부 2022 Osong Public Health and Research Persptectives Vol.13 No.5
The initial case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in India was reported on January 30, 2020, and subsequently, the number of COVID-19-infected patients surged during the first wave of April 2020 and the second wave in the same month of 2021. The government of India imposed a strict nationwide lockdown in April 2020 and extended it until May 2020. The second wave of COVID-19 in India overwhelmed the country’s health facilities and exhausted its medical and paramedical workforce. This narrative review was conducted with the aim of summarizing the evidence drawn from policy documents of governmental and non-governmental organizations, as well as capturing India's COVID-19 vaccination efforts. The findings from this review cover the Indian government's vaccination initiatives, which ranged from steps taken to combat vaccine hesitancy to vaccination roadmaps, deployment plans, the use of digital health technology, vaccination monitoring, adverse effects, and innovative strategies such as Har Ghar Dastak and Jan Bhagidari Andolan (people’s participation). These efforts collectively culminated in the successful administration of more than 1.8 billion doses of COVID-19 vaccines in India. This review also provides insights into other countries’ responses to COVID-19 and guidance for future pandemics.
ANION INDUCED BLUE TO PURPLE TRANSITION IN BACTERIORHODOPSIN
Singh, Anil K.,Kapil, Mrunalini M. Korean Society of Photoscience 1996 Journal of Photosciences Vol.3 No.2
Anil K. Singh, Mrunalini M. Kapil, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay - 400076, INDIA Purple membrane (PM, $\lambda$$_{max}$ 570 nm) of H. halobium on treatment with sulphuric acid changes its colour to blue ($\lambda$$_{max}$ 608 nm). The purple chromophore can be regenerated from the blue chromophore by exogeneous addition of anions such as CI$^-$ and HPO$_4^{2-}$. Chloride ion is found to be more effective than the dibasic phosphate ion in regenerating the purple chromophore. Nevertheless, one thing common to the anion regeneration is that both CI$^-$ and HPO$_4^{2-}$ show marked pH effect. At pH 1.0 the efficiency of regeneration of the purple chromophore is greater than at pH 2.0, for the same anion concentration. Fluorescence and circular dichroic studies indicate that the proteins do not undergo drastic changes at the secondary' or tertiary structure level and the native structure is preserved during this transition. However, chromophoric-site interactions between retinal and the apoprotein are affected during this colour transition. A molecular mechanism is advanced for this transition.
Comprehensive Study of Various Techniques for Detecting DDoS Attacks in Cloud Environment
Navdeep Singh,Abhinav Hans,Kapil Kumar,Mohit Pal Singh Birdi 보안공학연구지원센터 2015 International Journal of Grid and Distributed Comp Vol.8 No.3
Cloud computing is the most dynamic field of IT industry. It is becoming very famous due to its less resource consuming and higher output. Though Cloud computing is very vast and useful technology but it is not remained untouched from attackers or hackers. The most common attack notified on the cloud environment is DDoS attack. DDoS attacks i.e. Distributed Denial of service attacks happens on a cloud environment in such a way that, two or more than two attackers sends the multiple SOAP requests at the same cloud server and consume all the legitimate resources. From the study it has been concluded that, none a system is developed so far to prevent the DDoS attacks completely because even the detection of DDoS attacks is a major issue and prevention is a very big thing to achieve after detection and mitigation. This paper is focused on underlying the introduction about DDoS attacks and the next part of the paper is followed by the comparative analysis of the different techniques and algorithms used in detecting the DDoS attacks in cloud environment.
Singh, Rajendra K,Jin, Guang-Zhen,Mahapatra, Chinmaya,Patel, Kapil D,Chrzanowski, Wojciech,Kim, Hae-Won American Chemical Society 2015 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.7 No.15
<P>Nanoscale scaffolds that characterize high bioactivity and the ability to deliver biomolecules provide a 3D microenvironment that controls and stimulates desired cellular responses and subsequent tissue reaction. Herein novel nanofibrous hybrid scaffolds of polycaprolactone shelled with mesoporous silica (PCL@MS) were developed. In this hybrid system, the silica shell provides an active biointerface, while the 3D nanoscale fibrous structure provides cell-stimulating matrix cues suitable for bone regeneration. The electrospun PCL nanofibers were coated with MS at controlled thicknesses via a sol-gel approach. The MS shell improved surface wettability and ionic reactions, involving substantial formation of bone-like mineral apatite in body-simulated medium. The MS-layered hybrid nanofibers showed a significant improvement in mechanical properties, in terms of both tensile strength and elastic modulus, as well as in nanomechanical surface behavior, which is favorable for hard tissue repair. Attachment, growth, and proliferation of rat mesenchymal stem cells were significantly improved on the hybrid scaffolds, and their osteogenic differentiation and subsequent mineralization were highly up-regulated by the hybrid scaffolds. Furthermore, the mesoporous surface of the hybrid scaffolds enabled the loading of a series of bioactive molecules, including small drugs and proteins at high levels. The release of these molecules was sustainable over a long-term period, indicating the capability of the hybrid scaffolds to deliver therapeutic molecules. Taken together, the multifunctional hybrid nanofibrous scaffolds are considered to be promising therapeutic platforms for stimulating stem cells and for the repair and regeneration of bone.</P>
Differences and Problems Task Scheduling Algorithm -A Survey
Kapil Kumar,Abhinav Hans,Navdeep Singh,Mohit Birdi 보안공학연구지원센터 2015 International Journal of Hybrid Information Techno Vol.8 No.6
Cloud computing is a computing paradigm where applications, resources and services are provided over the internet. Software and hardware can be used to pay as service basis, without buying them. The key role of scheduling is to manage different tasks in different cloud environment. Cloud computing service providers use the available resources efficiently to achieve maximum profit. This makes task scheduling as a challenging issue for cloud service providers. This paper gives an introduction about cloud computing, various existing scheduling algorithms in different task scheduling environments, existing problem and the future suggestions in existing algorithms.
Singh, Rajendra K.,Patel, Kapil D.,Kim, Jung-Ju,Kim, Tae-Hyun,Kim, Joong-Hyun,Shin, Ueon Sang,Lee, Eun-Jung,Knowles, Jonathan C.,Kim, Hae-Won American Chemical Society 2014 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.6 No.4
<P>Here we communicate the development of a novel multifunctional hybrid nanomaterial, magnetic carbon nanotubes (CNTs) ensheathed with mesoporous silica, for the simultaneous applications of drug delivery and imaging. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were first decorated onto the multiwalled CNTs, which was then layered with mesoporous silica (<I>m</I>SiO<SUB>2</SUB>) to facilitate the loading of bioactive molecules to a large quantity while exerting magnetic properties. The hybrid nanomaterial showed a high mesoporosity due to the surface-layered <I>m</I>SiO<SUB>2</SUB>, and excellent magnetic properties, including magnetic resonance imaging in vitro and in vivo. The mesoporous and magnetic hybrid nanocarriers showed high loading capacity for therapeutic molecules including drug gentamicin and protein cytochrome C. In particular, genetic molecule siRNA was effectively loaded and then released over a period of days to a week. Furthermore, the hybrid nanocarriers exhibited a high cell uptake rate through magnetism, while eliciting favorable biological efficacy within the cells. This novel hybrid multifunctional nanocarrier may be potentially applicable as drug delivery and imaging systems.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/aamick/2014/aamick.2014.6.issue-4/am4056936/production/images/medium/am-2013-056936_0006.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/am4056936'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>