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Structural, chemical and electronic differences between bare and nitrogen‑doped carbon nanoparticles
H. L. Lee,K. L. Woon,S. Tan,W. S. Wong,A. Ariffin,N. Chanlek,H. Nakajima,T. Saisopa,P. Songsiriritthigul 한국탄소학회 2019 Carbon Letters Vol.29 No.3
Comparisons between bare carbon (CPs) and nitrogen-doped carbon nanoparticles (N-CPs) synthesised using hydrothermal reaction are carried out. It was found that hydrothermal reaction of citric acid yields graphene-like sheets, while the nitrogen doping using ethylenediamine resulted in amorphous polymeric ball-like hydrocarbons devoid of any aromatic rings. Although the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy indicate the presence of carbon–carbon double bonds (C=C), and the ground states of both materials are very deep (> 7.8 eV) as measured by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. This indicates the conjugation is very short. This is supported by the fact that both materials are UV blue emitting peaking at 375 nm probably originating from C=C.
Structural, chemical and electronic differences between bare and nitrogen-doped carbon nanoparticles
Lee H. L.,Woon K. L.,Tan Shau Hwai,Wong W. S.,Ariffin A.,Chanlek N.,Nakajima H.,Saisopa T.,Songsiriritthigul P. 한국탄소학회 2019 Carbon Letters Vol.29 No.3
Comparisons between bare carbon (CPs) and nitrogen-doped carbon nanoparticles (N-CPs) synthesised using hydrothermal reaction are carried out. It was found that hydrothermal reaction of citric acid yields graphene-like sheets, while the nitrogen doping using ethylenediamine resulted in amorphous polymeric ball-like hydrocarbons devoid of any aromatic rings. Although the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy indicate the presence of carbon–carbon double bonds (C=C), and the ground states of both materials are very deep (> 7.8 eV) as measured by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. This indicates the conjugation is very short. This is supported by the fact that both materials are UV blue emitting peaking at 375 nm probably originating from C=C.
T.J. Whitcher,K.H. Yeoh,C.L. Chua,K.L. Woon,N. Chanlek,H. Nakajima,T. Saisopa,P. Songsiriritthigul 한국물리학회 2014 Current Applied Physics Vol.14 No.3
The work function of indium tin oxide (ITO) was increased by treating ITO with dichlorobenzene with UV light. Carbon contamination of the Cl-ITO was measured using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and argon ion sputtering was used to remove the carbon from the surface. It was found that the carbon contamination from residual dichlorobenzene significantly lowered the work function of the ITO and after argon ion sputtering the work function increased to 5.8 eV. It was found that chlorination of ITO occurs after more than 6 min of UV exposure. Further sputtering of ITO resulted in the removal of the functionalized chlorine, the introduction of argon ion contaminants on the ITO decreases its work function.
Development of foam-based layered targets for laser-driven ion beam production
Prencipe, I,Sgattoni, A,Dellasega, D,Fedeli, L,Cialfi, L,Choi, Il Woo,Kim, I Jong,Janulewicz, K A,Kakolee, K F,Lee, Hwang Woon,Sung, Jae Hee,Lee, Seong Ku,Nam, Chang Hee,Passoni, M IOP 2016 Plasma physics and controlled fusion Vol.58 No.3
<P>We report on the development of foam-based double-layer targets (DLTs) for laser-driven ion acceleration. Foam layers with a density of a few mg cm<SUP>−3</SUP> and controlled thickness in the 8–36 <I>μ</I>m range were grown on <I>μ</I>m-thick Al foils by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). The DLTs were experimentally investigated by varying the pulse intensity, laser polarisation and target properties. Comparing DLTs with simple Al foils, we observed a systematic enhancement of the maximum and average energies and number of accelerated ions. Maximum energies up to 30 MeV for protons and 130 MeV for C<SUP>6+</SUP> ions were detected. Dedicated three-dimensional particle-in-cell (3D-PIC) simulations were performed considering both uniform and cluster-assembled foams to interpret the effect of the foam nanostructure on the acceleration process.</P>
Energy level alignment of blended organic semiconductors and electrodes at the interface
T.J. Whitcher,W.S. Wong,A.N. Talik,K.L. Woon,A. Rusydi,N. Chanlek,H. Nakajima,T. Saisopa,P. Songsiriritthigul 한국물리학회 2018 Current Applied Physics Vol.18 No.9
The energy level alignment of a blended mixture of organic semiconductors is often depicted as having a common vacuum level. However, this is not a universal phenomenon among the vast number of organic semiconductors that currently exist, as in many cases the energy levels align via the Fermi level. In this report, the energy level alignments of the mixtures; poly(9-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) and 2,7-bis(diphenylphosphoryl)-9,9′- spirobifluorene (SPPO13) and poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and SPPO13, with varying SPPO13 concentrations, are measured. It was found that the blended systems exhibit two different vacuum levels with the dipole between the PVK and SPPO13 increasing with the SPPO13 concentration, whilst the P3HT and SPPO13 vacuum levels only experience a small change. This is attributed to the decreasing electronic screening with increasing SPPO13 concentration. These new observations have an important implication in our understanding of interfacial behaviour for blended systems commonly used in various organic electronic devices.