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Sung, C.G.,Kim, T.W.,Park, Y.G.,Kang, S.G.,Inaba, K.,Shiba, K.,Choi, T.S.,Moon, S.D.,Litvin, S.,Lee, K.T.,Lee, J.S. Elsevier 2014 Journal of marine systems Vol.137 No.-
Since the Industrial Revolution, rising atmospheric CO<SUB>2</SUB> concentration has driven an increase in the partial pressure of CO<SUB>2</SUB> in seawater (pCO<SUB>2</SUB>), thus lowering ocean pH. We examined the separate effects of exposure of gametes to elevated pCO<SUB>2</SUB> and low pH on fertilization success of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus nudus. Sperm and eggs were independently exposed to seawater with pCO<SUB>2</SUB> levels ranging from 380 (pH7.96-8.3) to 6000ppmv (pH7.15-7.20). When sperm were exposed, fertilization rate decreased drastically with increased pCO<SUB>2</SUB>, even at a concentration of 450ppmv (pH range: 7.94 to 7.96). Conversely, fertilization of Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus was not significantly changed even when sperm was exposed to pCO2 concentrations as high as 750ppmv. Exposure of S. nudus eggs to seawater with high pCO<SUB>2</SUB> did not affect fertilization success, suggesting that the effect of increased pCO<SUB>2</SUB> on sperm is responsible for reduced fertilization success. Surprisingly, this result was not related to sperm motility, which was insensitive to pCO<SUB>2</SUB>. When seawater was acidified using HCl, leaving pCO<SUB>2</SUB> constant, fertilization success in S. nudus remained high (>80%) until pH decreased to 7.3. While further studies are required to elucidate the physiological mechanism by which elevated pCO<SUB>2</SUB> impairs sperm and reduces S. nudus fertilization, this study suggests that in the foreseeable future, sea urchin survival may be threatened due to lower fertilization success driven by elevated pCO<SUB>2</SUB> rather than by decreased pH in seawater.