Heart Rate, Oxygwn Consumption and Blood Lactate Responses During Specific Training in Amateur Boxing

Asok Kumar Ghosh 국민체육진흥공단 한국스포츠정책과학원 2010 International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences Vol.22 No.1

The study was undertaken with a view to investigate the physiological responses of amateur boxers during specific activity in the boxing arena, with special reference to their physiological evaluation in the laboratory. The study was carried out on 6 elite Indian National boxers in 3 phases. In phase 1, the VO2max of the boxers was evaluated in the laboratory following a graded running protocol on a treadmill. In Phase 2, the boxers were evaluated in the boxing arena, during simulated boxing on a punching bag for 4 rounds of 2 min duration with 1 min rest pauses in between. The movements were kept similar to actual boxing and the punching frequencies were kept fast and individualized. The physiological variables were recorded on a COSMED K4 RQ portable telemetric gas analyzer (Cosmed, Italy). In Phase 3, heart rate and blood lactate responses of the boxers were observed during sparring for 2X6 rounds in the boxing ring, for 3 times during the training phase, to observe the lactate tolerance capacity. After the end of activity in each phase, a blood sample was collected from the fingertip for estimation of whole blood lactate on an YSI portable 1500 sport model lactate analyzer (YSI, USA). The mean VO2max of the boxers was 59.5 ± 4.7 ml/kg/min on the treadmill. The mean peaks VO2 of the boxers in 2X4 simulated rounds were 56.1, 57.5, 57.7 and 59.3 ml/kg/min, respectively. The mean heart rate and blood lactate were 192 bpm and 13.6 mMol/L, and were observed to be higher than most of the intermittent team events. The present study highlighted that the amateur boxers participating in 2X4 rounds, should be able to tolerate a high blood lactate concentration (14-15 mMol/L) and a high heart rate (190-200 b/min) over a total duration of one bout (11 min). The on court training in amateur boxing imparted high demands on cardiorespiratory and metabolic variables.

Protective effect of Asystasia gangetica reduced oxidative damage in the small intestine of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Kumar, K. Asok,Umamaheswari, M.,Sivashanmugam, A.T.,Subhadradevi, V.,Somanathan, S.S.,Ravi, T.K. Kyung Hee Oriental Medicine Research Center 2009 Oriental pharmacy and experimental medicine Vol.9 No.4

Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various diabetic complications and small intestine is vulnerable to damage resulting in morphological and functional changes. In this study, the effects of Asystasia gangetica leaf extract (AGLE) on oxidative stress status in small intestine of diabetic rats were examined. The leaves of Asystasia gangetica was extracted with 70% ethanol. Oral administration of AGLE once daily (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg b.w.) for 28 days to diabetic rats significantly (P < 0.05) increased antioxidant levels of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione, GSSH, carbohydrate metabolizing enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The increased levels of protein carbonyl content, lipid peroxidation and xanthine oxidase/xanthine dehydrogenase in diabetic rats were reverted back to near normal levels on treatment with AGLE. Both doses of AGLE offered significant activity (P < 0.01) against oxidative damage and were comparable with standard, glibenclamide. The results revealed the occurrence of oxidative stress in small intestine during diabetes and suggest the potential of AGLE as an antioxidant in protecting the tissue defense system against oxidative damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetes.

Heart Rate, Oxygen Consumption and Blood Lactate Responses During Specific Training in Amateur Boxing

( Asok Kumar Ghosh ) 체육과학연구원 2010 International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences Vol.22 No.1

The study was undertaken with a view to investigate the physiological responses of amateur boxers during specific activity in the boxing arena, with special reference to their physiological evaluation in the laboratory. The study was carried out on 6 elite Indian National boxers in 3 phases. In phase 1, the VO2max of the boxers was evaluated in the laboratory following a graded running protocol on a treadmill. In Phase 2, the boxers were evaluated in the boxing arena, during simulated boxing on a punching bag for 4 rounds of 2 min duration with 1 min rest pauses in between. The movements were kept similar to actual boxing and the punching frequencies were kept fast and individualized. The physiological variables were recorded on a COSMED K4 RQ portable telemetric gas analyzer (Cosmed, Italy). In Phase 3, heart rate and blood lactate responses of the boxers were observed during sparring for 2X6 rounds in the boxing ring, for 3 times during the training phase, to observe the lactate tolerance capacity. After the end of activity in each phase, a blood sample was collected from the fingertip for estimation of whole blood lactate on an YSI portable 1500 sport model lactate analyzer (YSI, USA). The mean VO2max of the boxers was 59.5±4.7 ml/kg/min on the treadmill. The mean peaks VO2 of the boxers in 2X4 simulated rounds were 56.1, 57.5, 57.7 and 59.3 ml/kg/min, respectively. The mean heart rate and blood lactate were 192 bpm and 13.6 mMol/L, and were observed to be higher than most of the intermittent team events. The present study highlighted that the amateur boxers participating in 2X4 rounds, should be able to tolerate a high blood lactate concentration (14-15 mMol/L) and a high heart rate (190-200 b/min) over a total duration of one bout (11 min). The on court training in amateur boxing imparted high demands on cardio-respiratory and metabolic variables.

Structure And Functions Of District Central Libraries In Tamil Nadu : An Empirical Study

Kumar, S.K. Asok,Babu, B. Ramesh Korea Institute of Science and Technology Informat 2007 Journal of Information Science Theory and Practice Vol.38 No.4

This paper aims at projecting the structure and functions of District Central Libraries in Tamil Nadu based upon primary records collected from the Directorate of Public Libraries and survey of District Library officers who are the authorities of District Central Libraries. This paper reveals the State of Art the District Central Libraries and their functions. Based on outputs a number of suggestions have been provided. This paper represents an empirical research study.

Heart Rate and Blood Lactate Responses during Execution of Some Specific Strokes in Badminton Drills

( Asok Kumar Ghosh ) 한국스포츠정책과학원(구 한국스포츠개발원) 2008 International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences Vol.20 No.2

The present article is an attempt to investigate the physiological demand of the most popular strokes, like, over head smash, over head toss, over head drop and the shadow movements in badminton drills on the basis of heart rate and blood lactate concentration. The study will certainly help the coaches and other specialists in finding out the demands and intensities of these badminton strokes and movements on the court. In the 1st phase of the study, VO2max of all the players was determined in the laboratory following a graded exercise protocol on a bicycle ergometer, till exhaustion. The 2nd phase of the study consisted of playing over head smash, over head toss, over head drop and shadow movement on the court on different days. The player had to play on one side of the court and he was fed the shuttle from the opposite side. The heart rate was measured on a PE 3000 (Polar Electro, Finland) polar sport tester (heart rate telemetric device) for every 5 sec interval and the blood lactate concentration; on an YSI 1500 sport model lactate analyzer. The mean VO2max of the present players was 57.4±7.02 ml/kg/min. The mean heart rates during overhead smash, overhead drop, overhead toss and shadow movements were 183±5, 180±6, 178±8 and 182±7 beats/min, while the mean blood lactate were 11.6±1.9, 10.2±1.2, 10.7±1.1 and 12.2±2.1 mMol/L, respectively. The study indicated that the heart rate and blood lactate responses during execution of overhead smash, overhead drop, overhead toss and shadow movements were high and no differences existed among them. Theses popular and common badminton strokes exertedhigh cardiovascular and metabolic stress on the players. Repetitive execution of these strokes during training may develop both the aerobic and anaerobic capacities of the players.

Protective effect of Asystasia gangetica reduced oxidative damage in the small intestine of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

K Asok Kumar,M Umamaheswari,AT Sivashanmugam,V Subhadradevi,SS Somanathan,TK Ravi 경희대학교 융합한의과학연구소 2009 Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine Vol.9 No.4

Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various diabetic complications and small intestine is vulnerable to damage resulting in morphological and functional changes. In this study, the effects of Asystasia gangetica leaf extract (AGLE) on oxidative stress status in small intestine of diabetic rats were examined. The leaves of Asystasia gangetica was extracted with 70% ethanol. Oral administration of AGLE once daily (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg b.w.) for 28 days to diabetic rats significantly (P < 0.05) increased antioxidant levels of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione, GSSH, carbohydrate metabolizing enzyme, glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase. The increased levels of protein carbonyl content, lipid peroxidation and xanthine oxidase/xanthine dehydrogenase in diabetic rats were reverted back to near normal levels on treatment with AGLE. Both doses of AGLE offered significant activity (P < 0.01) against oxidative damage and were comparable with standard, glibenclamide. The results revealed the occurrence of oxidative stress in small intestine during diabetes and suggest the potential of AGLE as an antioxidant in protecting the tissue defense system against oxidative damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various diabetic complications and small intestine is vulnerable to damage resulting in morphological and functional changes. In this study, the effects of Asystasia gangetica leaf extract (AGLE) on oxidative stress status in small intestine of diabetic rats were examined. The leaves of Asystasia gangetica was extracted with 70% ethanol. Oral administration of AGLE once daily (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg b.w.) for 28 days to diabetic rats significantly (P < 0.05) increased antioxidant levels of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione, GSSH, carbohydrate metabolizing enzyme, glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase. The increased levels of protein carbonyl content, lipid peroxidation and xanthine oxidase/xanthine dehydrogenase in diabetic rats were reverted back to near normal levels on treatment with AGLE. Both doses of AGLE offered significant activity (P < 0.01) against oxidative damage and were comparable with standard, glibenclamide. The results revealed the occurrence of oxidative stress in small intestine during diabetes and suggest the potential of AGLE as an antioxidant in protecting the tissue defense system against oxidative damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetes.

A multiobjective model of wholesaler-retailers' problem via genetic algorithm

Nirmal Kumar Mahapatra,Asoke Kumar Bhunia,Manoranjan Maiti 한국전산응용수학회 2005 Journal of applied mathematics & informatics Vol.19 No.1-2

In the existing literature, most of the purchasing models were developed only for retailers problem ignoring the constraint of storage capacity of retailers shop/showroom. In this paper, we have developed a deterministic model of wholesaler-retailers’ problem of single product. The storage capacity of wholesaler’s warehouse/showroom and retailers’ showroom/shop are assumed to be finite. The items are transported from wholesaler’s warehouse to retailers’ Own Warehouse (OW) in a lot. The customer’s demand is assumed to be displayed inventory level dependent. Demands are met from OW and that spaces of OW will immediately be filled by shifting the same amount from the Rented Warehouse (RW) till the RW is empty.The time duration between selling from OW and filling up its space by new ones from RW is negligible. According to relative size of the retailers’ existing (own) warehouse capacity and the demand factors, different scenarios are identified. Our objectives are to optimize the cost functions of wholesaler and two retailers separately. To solve this problem, a real coded Genetic Algorithm (GA) with roulette wheel selection/ reproduction, whole arithmetic crossover and non-uniform mutation is developed. Finally a numerical example is presented to illustrate the results for different scenarios. To compare the results of GA, Generalised Reduced Gradient Method has been used for the problem. Also, a sensitivity analysis has been performed to study the variations of the optimal average cost with respect to the different parameters.

A MULTIOBJECTIVE MODEL OF WHOLESALER-RETAILERS' PROBLEM VIA GENETIC ALGORITHM

MAHAPATRA, NIRMAL KUMAR,BHUNIA, ASOKE KUMAR,MAITI, MANORANJAN 한국전산응용수학회 2005 Journal of applied mathematics & informatics Vol.19 No.1

In the existing literature, most of the purchasing models were developed only for retailers problem ignoring the constraint of storage capacity of retailers shop/showroom. In this paper, we have developed a deterministic model of wholesaler-retailers' problem of single product. The storage capacity of wholesaler's warehouse/showroom and retailers' showroom/shop are assumed to be finite. The items are transported from wholesaler's warehouse to retailers' Own Warehouse (OW) in a lot. The customer's demand is assumed to be displayed inventory level dependent. Demands are met from OW and that spaces of OW will immediately be filled by shifting the same amount from the Rented Warehouse (RW) till the RW is empty. The time duration between selling from OW and filling up its space by new ones from RW is negligible. According to relative size of the retailers' existing (own) warehouse capacity and the demand factors, different scenarios are identified. Our objectives are to optimize the cost functions of wholesaler and two retailers separately. To solve this problem, a real coded Genetic Algorithm (GA) with roulette wheel selection/reproduction, whole arithmetic crossover and non-uniform mutation is developed. Finally a numerical example is presented to illustrate the results for different scenarios. To compare the results of GA, Generalised Reduced Gradient Method has been used for the problem. Also, a sensitivity analysis has been performed to study the variations of the optimal average cost with respect to the different parameters.

Implications of Five Laws of Library Science on Dr. S R Ranganathan’s Colon Classification: An Explorative Study

S. K Asok Kumar,B. Ramesh Babu,P. Nageswara Rao 한국문헌정보학회 2011 한국문헌정보학회지 Vol.45 No.4

There have been several milestones in the history of library classification but most of the schemes failed to meet the new challenges in the organisation of information. Dr S R Ranganathan tried to revolutionise the whole thinking on classificatory approach, when he devised the Colon Classification (CC) in 1933. He developed the Colon Classification scheme with a sound theoretical background based on normative principles, Five laws of Library science, canons, etc. One important feature of CC is that, its use is not confined to information storage and retrieval alone. This paper presents an over view of different editions of the CC highlighting the salient features of the editions. Further the implication of Five Laws of Library Science has been described. The authors stressed that the features of such as greater hospitality, specificity and mixed notation has paved the way to design and develop the depth schedules on various micro level subjects and so far about 130 micro schedules have been published. The impressions by the leading LIS professionals during and after Ranganathan’s time have been highlighted. The authors expressed the fear that when the library world would see the complete version of the seventh edition of CC? It may be due to lack of institutional support engaging in the research or financial constraints. The authors are of the opinion that any scheme to flourish needs a sound research body to bring out the revised editions as done in the case of Dewey Decimal Classification. The relevance of the CC in the contemporary world of Librarianship is discussed. Finally concludes that CC needs to be resuscitated as it is a precious national heritage; and still a force for the management of libraries.

The Fractional Utilisation of Maximal Oxygen Consumption during Execution of Ground Strokes and Simulated Match in 14 to 18 years Malaysian Singles Tennis Players

( Syahrul Ridhwan ),( Asok Kumar Ghosh ),( Chen Chee Keong ) 체육과학연구원 2010 International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences Vol.22 No.2

The purpose of the present study was to determine the fractional utilisation of maximum oxygen uptake capacity (% VO2max) during execution of ground strokes and tennis match play. Ten male Malaysian state-level tennis players participated in this study. Age, height, weight and VO2max of the players were 15.3 + 1.2 years, 164.0 + 7.4 cm, 52.3 + 11.5 kg and 51.7 + 7.3 ml·kg-1·min-1 respectively. This study was conducted in 3 phases: laboratory test (Phase I), on-court test (Phase II) and simulated match (Phase III). Fraction of VO2max during execution of forehand and backhand strokes were 71.6 + 10.9% and 72.3 + 8.8% respectively, whereas tennis match play demanded 69.3 + 9.8% of VO2max. Execution of forehand and backhand strokes led to a blood lactate concentration of approximately 6 mmol·L-1, indicating the involvement of anaerobic glycolysis. On the other hand, due to the intermittent nature of the game and the work-rest ratio of 1:2.2, the post-match blood lactate was found to be 3.21 + 0.2 mmol·L-1, reflecting an aerobic dominance in the game. The mean match heart rate (154.3 + 15.4 beats·min-1) was lower than mean anaerobic threshold heart rate (164.7 + 5.7 beats·min-1), signifying a lower blood lactate level less than 4.0 mmol·L-1 in a tennis match. It This might be due to the fact that long rest pauses caused removal of blood lactate as well as recovery of heart rate. Video analysis of the matches revealed that the players executed more forehand strokes (P<0.001) than the backhand strokes. Since similar heart rate and VO2 responses were observed for forehand and backhand strokes, it is suggested that the players should train themselves equally on both ground strokes. During the longest rally, mean heart rate of the players was 174.9 + 3.1 beats·min-1, which corresponded to 84.5 + 2.2% of VO2max. In addition, rallies per game, mean rally duration and strokes per rally were found to be 5.7 + 2.4, 4.5 + 1.5 seconds and 2.8 + 0.8 shots, respectively. Hence, it is concluded that the Malaysian state-level tennis players possessed a moderately good aerobic capacity. This can be improved to the international standard through endurance and intermittent type of training. Improvement in VO2max may enhance the playing intensity of the match as well a better recovery in the rest pauses and also delay the onset of fatigue during a match. From video match analysis and heart rate VO2 relationship, it is suggested that the players should also improve the alactic anaerobic component through short bursts of repeated movements of 5-8 seconds durations.