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Chia-Fen Hsien,Jung-Chung Fu,Cheng-Yu Long,Huey-Shyan Lin 한국간호과학회 2011 Asian Nursing Research Vol.5 No.3
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare smoking prevalence and risk factors of smoking between Korean and Korean-Chinese middle school students. Methods: Data was collected from seventh and eighth grade students from 12 schools in Korea and 6schools in China. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, and t test were performed. Results: For data analysis 10,002 usable surveys were utilized. The smoking prevalence was higher in Korean-Chinese students than in Korean students. Risk factors, such as father smoking, friends smoking,gender, grade, academic achievement, alcohol use, and family income were associated with current smoking, and the differences in the two samples were significant. Korean-Chinese students were more likely than Korean students to have friends who smoked and a father who smoked. Smokers had a significantly higher rate of friends smoking, father smoking, and alcohol use. Korean-Chinese male students smoking prevalence was more than three times higher than Korean students. Korean students could sense a more anti-tobacco atmosphere in their environment. Korean-Chinese students were more likely than Korean students to perceive that it was easy to buy cigarettes and to smoke cigarettes in a public computer room. Conclusion: These results highlight the differences of smoking prevalence and risk factors between Korean-Chinese students and Korean students. The findings may help health educators and researchers to better understand adolescent smoking and risk factors cross culturally and aid in the development of more effective education programs, which could lead to preventing tobacco use among these populations.
Lee, Sung Keun,Lin, Jung-Fu,Cai, Yong Q,Hiraoka, Nozomu,Eng, Peter J,Okuchi, Takuo,Mao, Ho-Kwang,Meng, Yue,Hu, Michael Y,Chow, Paul,Shu, Jinfu,Li, Baosheng,Fukui, Hiroshi,Lee, Bum Han,Kim, Hyun Na,Yoo National Academy of Sciences 2008 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.105 No.23
<P>Silicate melts at the top of the transition zone and the core-mantle boundary have significant influences on the dynamics and properties of Earth's interior. MgSiO3-rich silicate melts were among the primary components of the magma ocean and thus played essential roles in the chemical differentiation of the early Earth. Diverse macroscopic properties of silicate melts in Earth's interior, such as density, viscosity, and crystal-melt partitioning, depend on their electronic and short-range local structures at high pressures and temperatures. Despite essential roles of silicate melts in many geophysical and geodynamic problems, little is known about their nature under the conditions of Earth's interior, including the densification mechanisms and the atomistic origins of the macroscopic properties at high pressures. Here, we have probed local electronic structures of MgSiO3 glass (as a precursor to Mg-silicate melts), using high-pressure x-ray Raman spectroscopy up to 39 GPa, in which high-pressure oxygen K-edge features suggest the formation of tricluster oxygens (oxygen coordinated with three Si frameworks; 3O) between 12 and 20 GPa. Our results indicate that the densification in MgSiO3 melt is thus likely to be accompanied with the formation of triculster, in addition to a reduction in nonbridging oxygens. The pressure-induced increase in the fraction of oxygen triclusters >20 GPa would result in enhanced density, viscosity, and crystal-melt partitioning, and reduced element diffusivity in the MgSiO3 melt toward deeper part of the Earth's lower mantle.</P>
Factors Influencing Breast Symptoms in Breastfeeding Women After Cesarean Section Delivery
Chia-Fen Hsien,Jung-Chung Fu,Cheng-Yu Long,Huey-Shyan Lin 한국간호과학회 2011 Asian Nursing Research Vol.5 No.2
Purpose The purposes of this study were to explore postpartum stress and breast symptoms in postpartum breastfeeding of parturient mothers as well as to identify the factors influencing the breast symptoms in breastfeeding women after cesarean section delivery. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted. A total of 162 breastfeeding women after cesarean section delivery were recruited from five hospitals in Taiwan. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data. Results The five highest postpartum stress comes from the flabby flesh of maternal belly, the baby getting sick suddenly, interrupted sleep, insufficient breast milk, and discomfort due to breast engorgement. The most two common breast symptoms in breastfeeding encountered by subjects in this study were breast engorgement and breast hardening, whereas the least common one was nipple bloody discharge. Cesarean section women with early suckling on the operating table had more breast symptoms in postpartum breastfeeding; and the higher the postpartum stress of them, the more the breast symptoms. Conclusions Breastfeeding in a comfortable condition is a key factor of precipitating breast milk secretion,so early suckling on the operating table may result in discomfort and stress of the woman and interfere with the secretion or production of breast milk. Additionally, it is a crucial factor of the success in breastfeeding that the nursing personnel can provide women help in maintaining breast milk production and secretion, taking care of a baby, and reminding women’s families (especially their husbands) of giving their assistance, encouragement and praises to relieve women’s postpartum stress.
Suh, Joonki,Park, Tae-Eon,Lin, Der-Yuh,Fu, Deyi,Park, Joonsuk,Jung, Hee Joon,Chen, Yabin,Ko, Changhyun,Jang, Chaun,Sun, Yinghui,Sinclair, Robert,Chang, Joonyeon,Tongay, Sefaattin,Wu, Junqiao American Chemical Society 2014 NANO LETTERS Vol.14 No.12
<P>Layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) draw much attention as the key semiconducting material for two-dimensional electrical, optoelectronic, and spintronic devices. For most of these applications, both <I>n</I>- and <I>p</I>-type materials are needed to form junctions and support bipolar carrier conduction. However, typically only one type of doping is stable for a particular TMD. For example, molybdenum disulfide (MoS<SUB>2</SUB>) is natively an <I>n</I>-type presumably due to omnipresent electron-donating sulfur vacancies, and stable/controllable <I>p</I>-type doping has not been achieved. The lack of <I>p</I>-type doping hampers the development of charge-splitting <I>p</I>–<I>n</I> junctions of MoS<SUB>2</SUB>, as well as limits carrier conduction to spin-degenerate conduction bands instead of the more interesting, spin-polarized valence bands. Traditionally, extrinsic <I>p</I>-type doping in TMDs has been approached with surface adsorption or intercalation of electron-accepting molecules. However, practically stable doping requires substitution of host atoms with dopants where the doping is secured by covalent bonding. In this work, we demonstrate stable <I>p</I>-type conduction in MoS<SUB>2</SUB> by substitutional niobium (Nb) doping, leading to a degenerate hole density of ∼3 × 10<SUP>19</SUP> cm<SUP>–3</SUP>. Structural and X-ray techniques reveal that the Nb atoms are indeed substitutionally incorporated into MoS<SUB>2</SUB> by replacing the Mo cations in the host lattice. van der Waals <I>p</I>–<I>n</I> homojunctions based on vertically stacked MoS<SUB>2</SUB> layers are fabricated, which enable gate-tunable current rectification. A wide range of microelectronic, optoelectronic, and spintronic devices can be envisioned from the demonstrated substitutional bipolar doping of MoS<SUB>2</SUB>. From the miscibility of dopants with the host, it is also expected that the synthesis technique demonstrated here can be generally extended to other TMDs for doping against their native unipolar propensity.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/nalefd/2014/nalefd.2014.14.issue-12/nl503251h/production/images/medium/nl-2014-03251h_0005.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/nl503251h'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
자오정린,왕옌,린훵,후우후이,저우후우??,장수찬,한누리,정대화,양재하,김상찬,자오르옹지에,Zhao, ZhengLin,Wang, Yan,Lin, Feng,Fu, Hui,Zhou, FuBo,Chang, Suchan,Han, Nu Ri,Jung, Dae Hwa,Yang, Chae Ha,Kim, Sang Chan,Zhao, RongJie The Korean Medicine Society for the Herbal Formula 2014 大韓韓醫學方劑學會誌 Vol.22 No.1
Background and objective: Methamphetamine (Meth) is a widely abused psychostimulant that produces hyperlocomotion in rodents. Radix of Glycyrrhizae uralensis comprises a variety of bioactive components that have neuroprotective effects. In a previous study, we have demonstrated methanol extracts from radix of Glycyrrhizae uralensis (MEGR) suppress acute cocaine-induced extracellular dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. In the present study, we investigated the effect of MEGR on acute Meth-induced hyperlocomotion. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered with MEGR (60 mg/kg and 180 mg/kg) 60 min prior to an intraperitoneal injection of Meth (1.0 mg/kg). Results: Behavioral analysis showed acute Meth greatly increased locomotor activities, while pretreatment with MEGR dose dependently inhibited the hyperlocomotion. In parallel, there were markedly increased levels of dopamine and its metabolite 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in the nucleus accumbens tissues in Meth-treated rats, which were also almost completely reversed by 180 mg/kg MEGR. Conclusions: These results showed that radix of Glycyrrhizae uralensis attenuates Meth-induced hyperlocomotion by inhibiting dopamine synthesis and utilization, suggesting that radix of Glycyrrhizae uralensis might be effective in blocking the rewarding effect of Meth.