Three Dimensional Ecological Agriculture of Tan Can(谈参) - A Window of China’s Agricultural Marketization in the First Half of the 16th Century -

Yao Jianguang,Yu Ji Won 원광대학교 한중관계연구원 2021 韓中關係硏究 Vol.7 No.1

16세기 전반기 명(明)의 강남 지역에서는 농업의 상업화가 급속도로 진행되었다. 이 시기 깅남에서 활동한 담참(談參)형제의 농장 관리에 관한 기록은 당시 사회경제 발전 의 실상을 이해하는데 매우 중요한 자료이다. 이 시기에 활동했던 담참(談參)형제는 일반 농민들이 방기(放棄)한 수많은 황무지를 구입하고 노동자를 고용하여 지형에 따라 토질을 개선하여 각종 곡물, 어류, 돼지, 닭, 수예(樹藝), 채소재배 등을 혼합한 3차원적 생태농장을 건설하였다. 즉 폐기물을 활용 하는 먹이 사슬을 통해 입체적 생태농업을 실현했던 것이다. 또한 시장과의 거리 및 이윤 등을 고려하여 생산 활동을 조절함으로써 각 단계의 생산에 있어서 경제적 이익 을 극대화하여 몇 배의 수익을 창출하였다. 이러한 색다른 농업 생산 활동을 통해 막대한 부를 축적할 수 있었다. 이들 담참(談 參)형제는 축적한 부를 활용하여 다양한 공익활동을 통해 사회 환원을 실현하였다. 예 를 들면, 많은 재부(財富)를 기부하여 왜구(倭寇)에 대항하기 위한 성벽 축조에 참여하 였으며, 제방, 교각, 도로의 건설을 주도하였고, 적극적 구휼(救恤)활동 등을 통해 주변 의 칭송을 얻게 되었다. 결과적으로 이들 형제의 생태농경 방법과 행적이 『戒庵老人漫笔』등의 각종 문집에 기록되어 후세의 생태농업에 영향을 끼치게 되었다. In the first half of the 16th century, the commercialization of agriculture in Jiangnan area of the Ming Empire developed rapidly. The records of Tan Can brothers' farm management in historical materials are an important window for us to understand the social and economic development at that time. Tan Can brothers bought a large number of wasteland abandoned by peasants, hired laborers to transform it according to the terrain and soil quality, and built a three-dimensional ecological farm integrating grain, fish, pig, chicken, tree art, vegetable and many other functions, realized the utilization of waste through food chain. Meanwhile, the space level was also used, too. They arranged production according to the market and profits, and the economic benefits of all kinds of operations increased several times, and soon became rich. After becoming rich, Tan Can brothers donated a lot of money to resist Japanese pirates, build city walls and dikes, build bridges and roads, and help the poor, which won praise from the villagers and the government. Therefore, historians paid attention to them and recorded their deeds.

충적과정중 미국인삼 종자의 생리 및 생화학적 지표에 관한 동태학적 연구 ( Ⅱ ) ( Dynamic Studies on Physiology and Biochemistry in American Ginseng Seed During Stratification - Part Ⅱ. Contents of Soluble Carbohydrate , Crude Fat , Fatty Acid and Soluble Protein - )

Yao Ge Huang,Xiang Gao Li,Shu Yu Cui,Wen Bo Yu,Ya Lan Kuang,Jie Kun Yan,Ji Xiang Yang,Ren Song Liu,김학성 고려인삼학회 1997 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.21 No.1

Thermus amyloliquefaciens sp. nov., isolated from a hot spring sediment sample.

Yu, Tian-Tian,Ming, Hong,Yao, Ji-Cheng,Zhou, En-Min,Park, Dong-Jin,Hozzein, Wael N,Kim, Chang-Jin,Wadaan, Mohammed A M,Li, Wen-Jun Society for General Microbiology 2015 International journal of systematic and evolutiona Vol.65 No.8

<P>A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic bacterium, designated strain YIM 77409T, was isolated from the Niujie hot spring in the Eryuan county of Dali, Yunnan province, south-west China. Cells of the strain were rod-shaped and colonies were yellow and circular. The strain grew at pH?6.0-8.0 (optimum, pH?7.0) and 50-70C (optimum, 60-65C). The predominant menaquinone was MK-8 and the DNA G+C content was 66.4?mol%. Major fatty acids (>10?%) were iso-C15?:?0 and iso-C17?:?0.The polar lipids consisted of one aminophospholipid, one phospholipid and two glycolipids. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain YIM 77409T formed a cluster with Thermus scotoductus DSM 8553T, Thermus antranikianii DSM 12462T, Thermus caliditerrae YIM 77925T and Thermus tengchongensis YIM 77924T, with highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to T. scotoductus DSM 8553T (97.57?%). However, DNA-DNA hybridization indicated that strain YIM 77409T should be viewed as a representative of a novel species, as there was only 30.6??1.6?% reassociation with T. scotoductus DSM 8553T. On the basis of the morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, as well as the genotypic data, it is proposed that strain YIM 77409T represents a novel species of the genus Thermus, with the name Thermus amyloliquefaciens sp. nov. The type strain is YIM 77409T (?=?DSM 25898T?=?KCTC 32024T).</P>

충적과정 중 미국삼 종자의 생리 및 생화학적 지표에 관한 동태학적 연구 - I . 배아율 , 건조중량비 및 호흡강도 ( Dynamic Studies on Physiology and Biochemistry in American Seng Seed During Stratification - Part 1. Embryo Ratio , Dry Weigh Ratio and Respiration Rate - )

Yao Ge Huang,Xiang Gao Li,Ji Xiang Yang,Ya Lan Kuang,Jie Kun Yan,Shu Yu Cui,Ren Song Liu,김학성 고려인삼학회 1996 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.20 No.3

Inhibition Effects of Pulp on Seed Germination of American Ginseng

Yao Ge Huang(황요각),Xiang Gao Li(이향고),Shu Yu Cui(최수옥),Ji Xiang Yang(양계상),Ren Song Liu(류인송),Hack Seang Kim(김학성) 한국약용작물학회 1997 한국약용작물학회지 Vol.5 No.2

The germination inhibitory effects of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium Linne) pulp were discussed. The germination inhibitory effects of pulp juice were decreased in a concentration de-pendent manner. When the pulp juice was diluted 0 (original juice), 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 times, the radicle lengths of the assay plant, Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis Linne), showed 0, 0.32, 0.72, 3.13, 4.83, 16.07, 16.73 and 23.50 mm, respectively (CK=25.98 mm) The pulp evidently inhibited the embryo growth in natural fruit. The longer was the duration that the pulp stayed around the seed, the longer was the time course needed for embryo getting free from the inhibitory effects of pulp. When the depulping was performed on the day 0, 15, 30 and 60 after harvest, the time courses needed for embryo extricating the residual inhibitory effects from pulp were 30, 75, 135 and 135 days, respectively. Moreov-er, if the pulp stayed around the seed with time, that would make the seed rotten ratio increase. When the pulp stayed around the seed for 0, 15, 30, 60 and 270 days, the seed rotten ratios were 5.47, 5.71, 19.05, 27.14 and 33.33%, respectively. Therefore, we concluded that the pulp could be included in the inhibitory components which made American ginseng seed get into dormancy.

Dynamic Studies on Physiology and Biochemistry in American Seng Seed During Stratification - Part I. Embryo Ratio, Dry Weight Ratio and respiration Rate

Huang, Yao-Ge,Li, Xiang-Gao,Yang, Ji-Xiang,Kuang, Ya-Lan,Yan, Jie-Kun,Cui, Shu-Yu,Liu, Ren-Song,Kim, Hack-Seang The Korean Society of Ginseng 1996 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.20 No.3

Dynamic parameters of physiology including embryo ratio (ER), embryo length to endosperm length, dry weight ratio between embryo and endosperm (DWR) and respiration rate (RR) in American send (Panax quinquefolium L.) seed were investigated. According to the changes of ER during seed stratification, the duration of embryo afterripening could be divided into three stages as \circled1 embryo slow growth stage (ESGS), ER increased from 7.31% to 20.48% (0.16% day-1): \circled2 embryo rapid growth stage (ERGS), ER increased to 80.98% (0.61% day-1) (75G5+ ERGS=morphological afterripening stage (MP,5)) and \circled3pysiological afterripening stage (PAS), ER Increased to 88.50% (0.094 day-1) only. DWR Increased slowly from 0.20% to 2.76clp (0.016% day-1) in MAS and rapidly to 8.81% (0.061% day-1) in PAS. The RR correlated significantly with ER as well (r=0.8934 > rot, 0.6610). The steep increment of both DWR and RR in PAS indicated that the PAS was not a static stage although the ER was not changed too much. All of these may provide some information for understanding the dormancy mechanisms of American sting seed.

Study on Dormancy Mechanisms of American Ginseng Seed II - Germination Inhibition of Seed Coat

Huang, Yao-Ge,Li, Xiang-Gao,Cui, Shu-Yu,Yang, Ji-Xiang,Liu, Ren-Song,Kim, Hack-Seang The Korean Society of Pharmacognosy 1996 Natural Product Sciences Vol.2 No.2

This paper gives a description about the germination inhibition of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) seed coat. The existence of seed coat is one of the inhibitory factors which inhibit the embryo growth, particularly during the morphological after-ripening stage. The seed coat can obstruct the water absorption at the beginning of seed stratification, but it can not threaten seed germination. The inhibition of seed coat is not caused by the mechanical fetter neither. However, before splitting the seed coat, the inhibition of seed coat comes from both air-tight character and inhibitors, and after splitting the seed coat, the inhibition may come mainly from the inhibitors.

中国大陆佛教的本性回归及其资源的社会利用

姚建光(Yao, Jianguang),柳智元(Yu, Ji Won) 원광대학교 인문학연구소 2021 열린정신 인문학연구 Vol.22 No.3

중국 대륙 불교는 명청시대 이래 점차 속세를 떠나 산 속으로 들어가 은거하게 되었고, 죽은 자에 대한 천도(遷度)가 스님들의 주요 업무가 되었거나 혹은 중요 생계 수단이 되었다. 이는 부처님의 본래 취지를 벗어나는 비정상적인 현상이라고 할 수 있다. 불교는 원래 인간 중심의 종교로써 인간성과 사회성 등을 띄고 있어 하느님이나 귀신을 숭배하는 종교가 아니라, 사람 중심의 종교라고 할 수 있다. 그러므로 중국 대륙 불교에 있어서 인간성을 회복하는 것이 바로 본래의 불교 정신으로 회귀하는 것이다. 즉 풍부한 불교의 문화자원을 발굴하고, 심오한 불교 철학과 문화를 널리 고취하는 것이 바로 불교를 널리 홍보하는 방법이며, 또한 사회가 불교에게 기대하는 이상을 실현하는 것이다. 불교 사찰을 개방하고 불교의 문화적 자원을 사회적으로 적절히 활용하는 방법으로는 크게 4가지 측면이 있는데, 이는 종교적 측면, 문화적 측면, 서비스 측면, 그리고 자선사업 측면 등으로 설명할 수 있을 것이다. 또한 각각의 측면에서 더욱 세밀하게 구분하면서 각각의 특징을 나타낼 수 있는 여러 가지 활용 방법이 있다. 시대가 발전하면서 불교자원을 효과적으로 활용하는 방법은 다양하게 만들어지고 또한 널리 보급도 진행될 것으로 생각된다. 특히 한국, 일본, 대만 지역에서는 불교의 문화적 자원을 효과적으로 활용하여 불교문화의 확산뿐만 아니라 관광산업의 발전에도 커다란 공헌을 하고 있다. 이렇게 볼 때 이들 지역에서 축적된 경험과 자료 등은 중국 대륙 불교 문화자원의 활용 방법과 활성화 방안에 좋은 지침이 될 것으로 생각된다. 중국도 다른 지역의 선진화된 문화재 활용 시스템을 구축해야 할 것이다. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Buddhism in Chinese mainland had gradually become tired of the world, escaping into the mountains, and even passing ghosts to death for died people, which had become the main job and means of making a living for monks. This is an abnormal phenomenon that deviates from the Buddha"s original wish. Buddhism is originally living-human Buddhism, with distinct human nature, sociality and universality. It is not based on the ghosts and gods, but people-oriented, human-oriented and humanistic. Advocating the human nature of Buddhism in Chinese mainland is to return to the true character of Buddhism. It is not only the need of spreading Buddhism, but also the sustenance and expectation of the whole society to Buddhism to utilize the abundant Buddhist resources and carry forward the extensive and excellent Buddhist culture. Moreover, It is practicing the Buddha"s decrees purpose and cherished desire. Properly open Buddhism to the society and make social use of Buddhist resources, there are four types macroscopically: religion, culture, service and philanthropy. Each type can have several practical and feasible subtypes for development and utilization. With the development of the times, more ways will be created and promoted. South Korea, Japan and our Taiwan province have made important contributions in these aspects and accumulated a lot of experience for reference. Their intellectual ideas and achievements are good teachers and friends for our practice and exploration.

Isolation of 2 Bacillus Strains with Strong Fibrinolytic Activities from Kimchi

( Zhuang Yao ),( Yu Meng ),( Huong Giang Le ),( Se Jin Lee ),( Hye Sung Jeon ),( Ji Yeon Yoo ),( Diana Nur Afifah ),( Jeong Hwan Kim ) 한국미생물생명공학회(구 한국산업미생물학회) 2020 한국미생물·생명공학회지 Vol.48 No.4

Two Bacillus strains, K3 and K208, both demonstrating strong fibrinolytic activities were isolated from Kimchi, a traditional Korean preparation of fermented vegetables. Isolates were subjected to various molecular biology based identification methods including RAPD-PCR and identified as B. subtilis and B. velezensis, respectively. Tryptic soy broth (TSB) was found to best maintain both the growth and the fibrinolytic activity of these strains. Culture supernatants were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and fibrin zymography, and the results indicate that a 40 and 27 kDa band seem to be responsible for the fibrinolytic activities of these two isolates and the 27 kDa band was subsequently identified as the mature form of AprE, the major fibrinolytic enzyme. Thus the aprE genes were cloned and the translated amino acid sequences demonstrated 99.3% identity with each other, and 86.5% identity with BsfA, a fibrinolytic enzyme from B. subtilis ZA400 also isolated from Kimchi, and AprE2, a fibrinolytic enzyme from B. subtilis CH3-5 isolated from Cheonggukjang, a traditional Korean fermented soy. Given this B. subtilis K3 and B. velezensis K208 may be promising starter cultures in the production of fermented foods.

Increase of a Fibrinolytic Enzyme Production through Promoter Replacement of aprE3-5 from Bacillus subtilis CH3-5

( Zhuang Yao ),( Yu Meng ),( Huong Giang Le ),( Se Jin Lee ),( Hye Sung Jeon ),( Ji Yeon Yoo ),( Jeong Hwan Kim ) 한국미생물생명공학회(구 한국산업미생물학회) 2021 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.31 No.6

Bacillus subtilis CH3-5 isolated from cheonggukjang secretes a 28 kDa protease with a strong fibrinolytic activity. Its gene, aprE3-5, was cloned and expressed in a heterologous host (Jeong et al., 2007). In this study, the promoter of aprE3-5 was replaced with other stronger promoters (P_cry3A, P₁₀, P_SG1, P_srfA) of Bacillus spp. using PCR. The constructed chimeric genes were cloned into pHY300PLK vector, and then introduced into B. subtilis WB600. The P10 promoter conferred the highest fibrinolytic activity, i.e., 1.7-fold higher than that conferred by the original promoter. Overproduction of the 28 kDa protease was confirmed using SDS-PAGE and fibrin zymography. RTqPCR analysis showed that aprE3-5 expression was 2.0-fold higher with the P10 promoter than with the original promoter. Change of the initiation codon from GTG to ATG further increased the fibrinolytic activity. The highest aprE3-5 expression was observed when two copies of the P₁₀ promoter were placed in tandem upstream of the ATG initiation codon. The construct with P10 promoter and ATG and the construct with two copies of P10 promoter in tandem and ATG exhibited 117% and 148% higher fibrinolytic activity, respectively, than that exhibited by the construct containing P10 promoter and GTG. These results confirmed that significant overproduction of a fibrinolytic enzyme can be achieved by suitable promoter modification, and this approach may have applications in the industrial production of AprE3-5 and related fibrinolytic enzymes.