The System for Designing the Experience Game of Smart Phone

James E. Brown,Kil-Dong Hong,Chul-Soo Han,Jung-Hwan Sung,Hyo-Houn No,Eui-Sang Oh 한국콘텐츠학회 2009 ICCC International Digital Design Invitation Exhib Vol.2009 No.12

This paper describes a game design system that is effective to design a game running on a smart phone. Firstly, for establishing the system, we define a clip as a concept diagram which represents overall configuration of smart phone game. Secondly, we divide smart phone game configuration into four parts; User interaction part, picture part, Scene control part, and operation element part and extract elements of the four parts from smart phone game. Then, we apply these elements to the iphone game application, "Slugger" and show how the four parts produce the analyzed model of certain scenario of the game. Finally, we introduce the simulation environment of the analyzed model.

질의 재구성 알고리즘의 검색성능을 측정하기 위한 새로운 평가 방법의 개발

김남호(Kim Nam Ho),(James C . French),(Donald E . Brown) 한국정보처리학회 1997 정보처리학회논문지 Vol.4 No.4

In information retrieval, query reformulation algorithms construct queries from a set of initial input and feedback documents, and retrieval performance can be varied by different sets of input documents. In this study, we developed a criterion for measuring the performance sensitivity of query reformulation algorithms to input sets. In addition, we also propose a way of measuring the changes in retrieved area (CIRA) during query reformulation. We compared CIRAs of query reformulation algorithms (i.e., query tree, DNF method, and Dillon's method) using three test sets : the CACM. CISI, and Medlars. In the experiments, the query tree showed the highest decreasing CIRAs during reformulations, which means the fastest convergence rate to an output set. For sensitivity analysis, the query tree scored the highest sensitivity to different input sets even though its differences to the other algorithms are very small.

Cortically projecting basal forebrain parvalbumin neurons regulate cortical gamma band oscillations

Kim, Tae,Thankachan, Stephen,McKenna, James T.,McNally, James M.,Yang, Chun,Choi, Jee Hyun,Chen, Lichao,Kocsis, Bernat,Deisseroth, Karl,Strecker, Robert E.,Basheer, Radhika,Brown, Ritchie E.,McCarley, National Academy of Sciences 2015 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.112 No.11

<P><B>Significance</B></P><P>When we are awake, purposeful thinking and behavior require the synchronization of brain cells involved in different aspects of the same task. Cerebral cortex electrical oscillations in the gamma (30–80 Hz) range are particularly important in such synchronization. In this report we identify a particular subcortical cell type which has increased activity during waking and is involved in activating the cerebral cortex and generating gamma oscillations, enabling active cortical processing. Abnormalities of the brain mechanisms controlling gamma oscillations are involved in the disordered thinking typical of neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Thus, these findings may pave the way for targeted therapies to treat schizophrenia and other disorders involving abnormal cortical gamma oscillations.</P><P>Cortical gamma band oscillations (GBO, 30–80 Hz, typically ∼40 Hz) are involved in higher cognitive functions such as feature binding, attention, and working memory. GBO abnormalities are a feature of several neuropsychiatric disorders associated with dysfunction of cortical fast-spiking interneurons containing the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin (PV). GBO vary according to the state of arousal, are modulated by attention, and are correlated with conscious awareness. However, the subcortical cell types underlying the state-dependent control of GBO are not well understood. Here we tested the role of one cell type in the wakefulness-promoting basal forebrain (BF) region, cortically projecting GABAergic neurons containing PV, whose virally transduced fibers we found apposed cortical PV interneurons involved in generating GBO. Optogenetic stimulation of BF PV neurons in mice preferentially increased cortical GBO power by entraining a cortical oscillator with a resonant frequency of ∼40 Hz, as revealed by analysis of both rhythmic and nonrhythmic BF PV stimulation. Selective saporin lesions of BF cholinergic neurons did not alter the enhancement of cortical GBO power induced by BF PV stimulation. Importantly, bilateral optogenetic inhibition of BF PV neurons decreased the power of the 40-Hz auditory steady-state response, a read-out of the ability of the cortex to generate GBO used in clinical studies. Our results are surprising and novel in indicating that this presumptively inhibitory BF PV input controls cortical GBO, likely by synchronizing the activity of cortical PV interneurons. BF PV neurons may represent a previously unidentified therapeutic target to treat disorders involving abnormal GBO, such as schizophrenia.</P>

불리언 질의 구성 알고리즘의 시간복잡도 분석

김남호(Kim Nam Ho),(Donald E . Brown),(James C . French) 한국정보처리학회 1997 정보처리학회논문지 Vol.4 No.3

Performance of an algorithm can be measured from several aspects. Suppose there is a query formulation algorithm. Even though this algorithm shows high retrieval performance, i.e., high recall and precision, retrieving items can take a long time. In this study, we analyze the time complexity of automatic query reformulation algorithms, named the Query Tree, DNF method, and Dillon''s method, and compare them in theoretical and practical aspects using a real-time performance(the absolute times for each algorithm to formulate a query) in a Sun SparcStation 2. In experiments using three test sets, CACM, CISI, and Medlars, the Query Tree algorithm was the fastest among the three algorithms tested.

Cholinergic Neurons in the Basal Forebrain Promote Wakefulness by Actions on Neighboring Non-Cholinergic Neurons: An Opto-Dialysis Study

Zant, Janneke C.,Kim, Tae,Prokai, Laszlo,Szarka, Szabolcs,McNally, James,McKenna, James T.,Shukla, Charu,Yang, Chun,Kalinchuk, Anna V.,McCarley, Robert W.,Brown, Ritchie E.,Basheer, Radhika Society for Neuroscience 2016 The Journal of neuroscience Vol.36 No.6

<P>Understanding the control of sleep–wake states by the basal forebrain (BF) poses a challenge due to the intermingled presence of cholinergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic neurons. All three BF neuronal subtypes project to the cortex and are implicated in cortical arousal and sleep–wake control. Thus, nonspecific stimulation or inhibition studies do not reveal the roles of these different neuronal types. Recent studies using optogenetics have shown that “selective” stimulation of BF cholinergic neurons increases transitions between NREM sleep and wakefulness, implicating cholinergic projections to cortex in wake promotion. However, the interpretation of these optogenetic experiments is complicated by interactions that may occur within the BF. For instance, a recent <I>in vitro</I> study from our group found that cholinergic neurons strongly excite neighboring GABAergic neurons, including the subset of cortically projecting neurons, which contain the calcium-binding protein, parvalbumin (PV) (Yang et al., 2014). Thus, the wake-promoting effect of “selective” optogenetic stimulation of BF cholinergic neurons could be mediated by local excitation of GABA/PV or other non-cholinergic BF neurons. In this study, using a newly designed opto-dialysis probe to couple selective optical stimulation with simultaneous <I>in vivo</I> microdialysis, we demonstrated that optical stimulation of cholinergic neurons locally increased acetylcholine levels and increased wakefulness in mice. Surprisingly, the enhanced wakefulness caused by cholinergic stimulation was abolished by simultaneous reverse microdialysis of cholinergic receptor antagonists into BF. Thus, our data suggest that the wake-promoting effect of cholinergic stimulation requires local release of acetylcholine in the basal forebrain and activation of cortically projecting, non-cholinergic neurons, including the GABAergic/PV neurons.</P><P><B>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT</B> Optogenetics is a revolutionary tool to assess the roles of particular groups of neurons in behavioral functions, such as control of sleep and wakefulness. However, the interpretation of optogenetic experiments requires knowledge of the effects of stimulation on local neurotransmitter levels and effects on neighboring neurons. Here, using a novel “opto-dialysis” probe to couple optogenetics and <I>in vivo</I> microdialysis, we report that optical stimulation of basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic neurons in mice increases local acetylcholine levels and wakefulness. Reverse microdialysis of cholinergic antagonists within BF prevents the wake-promoting effect. This important result challenges the prevailing dictum that BF cholinergic projections to cortex directly control wakefulness and illustrates the utility of “opto-dialysis” for dissecting the complex brain circuitry underlying behavior.</P>

Protocol and Rationale: A 24-week Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled Trial of the Efficacy of Adjunctive Garcinia mangostana Linn. (Mangosteen) Pericarp for Schizophrenia

Alyna Turner,John J. McGrath,Olivia M. Dean,Seetal Dodd,Andrea Baker,Susan M. Cotton,James G. Scott,Bianca E. Kavanagh,Melanie M. Ashton,Adam J. Walker,Ellie Brown,MIchael Berk 대한정신약물학회 2019 CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE Vol.17 No.2

Objective: Garcinia mangostana Linn., commonly known as mangosteen, is a tropical fruit with a thick pericarp rind containing bioactive compounds that may be beneficial as an adjunctive treatment for schizophrenia. The biological underpinnings of schizophrenia are believed to involve altered neurotransmission, inflammation, redox systems, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neurogenesis. Mangosteen pericarp contains xanthones which may target these biological pathways and improve symptoms; this is supported by preclinical evidence. Here we outline the protocol for a double- blind randomized placebo-controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of adjunctive mangosteen pericarp (1,000 mg/day), compared to placebo, in the treatment of schizophrenia. Methods: We aim to recruit 150 participants across two sites (Geelong and Brisbane). Participants diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder will be randomized to receive 24 weeks of either adjunctive 1,000 mg/day of mangosteen pericarp or matched placebo, in addition to their usual treatment. The primary outcome measure is mean change in the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (total score) over the 24 weeks. Secondary outcomes include positive and negative symptoms, general psychopathology, clinical global severity and improvement, depressive symptoms, life satisfaction, functioning, participants reported overall improvement, substance use, cognition, safety and biological data. A 4-week post treatment interview at week 28 will explore post-discontinuations effects. Results: Ethical and governance approvals were gained and the trial commenced. Conclusion: A positive finding in this study has the potential to provide a new adjunctive treatment option for people with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. It may also lead to a greater understanding of the pathophysiology of the disorder.