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( Jae Yoon Jeong ),( Joo Hyun Sohn ),( Won Sohn ),( Chan Hyuk Park ),( Tae Yeob Kim ),( Dae Won Jun ),( Yongsoo Kim ),( Woo Kyoung Jeong ) 대한간학회 2017 Gut and Liver Vol.11 No.6
Background/Aims: To investigate the use of measurements of liver stiffness (LS) by two-dimensional real-time shear wave elastography (SWE) for predicting the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Methods: We retrospectively collected data on 291 enrolled patients with CHB whose LS had been measured using SWE. Results: The mean age of the patients was 46.8 years; males predominated (67%), and 40 of the patients (14%) had clinical cirrhosis. Among the patients, 165 (56.7%) received antiviral treatment. The median LS value was 7.4 kPa, and the median follow-up period was 35.8 months (range, 3.0 to 52.8 months). During follow-up, HCC developed in 13 patients (4.5%), and the cumulative incidence rates of HCC at 1, 2, and 4 years were 1.1%, 3.6%, and 8.4%, respectively. Based on a multivariate analysis, older age (≥50 years) and higher LS value (≥10 kPa) were independently associated with the risk of developing HCC (hazard ratio [HR], 4.53, p=0.023; and HR, 4.08, p=0.022). The cumulative incidence rate of HCC was significantly higher in patients with higher LS values (≥10 kPa) than in those with lower LS values (<10 kPa) (p=0.001). Conclusions: Increased LS measured by SWE at any time point regardless of antiviral treatment is associated with an increased risk of HCC in patients with CHB. (Gut Liver 2017;11:852-859)
Jeong, Jae-Yeob,Kim, Choon-Sig,An, Hyun-Chul,Cho, Hyun-Seo,Choo, Gap-Chul The Ecological Society of Korea 2009 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.32 No.2
This study was carried out to evaluate litterfall dynamics in three adjacent coniferous tree plantations (larch: Larix leptolepis; red pine: Pinus densiflora; rigitaeda pine: P. rigitaeda) planted in the same year (1963), and growing under similar environmental conditions in the Sambong Exhibition Forests, Hamyang-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do. Litter was collected monthly between July 2006 and June 2008. Needle, broad leaf and total litter inputs followed a similar monthly pattern in the three coniferous plantations. The amounts of needles, flowers, and miscellaneous litter were significantly lower in the larch than in the two pine plantations, while branch litter was significantly higher in the larch than in the two pine plantations. Average total litterfall for two years was significantly higher for the pine (5,475 kg $ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ for red pine and 5,290 kg $ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ for rigitaeda pine) plantations than for the larch (3,953 kg $ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ plantation. Needle litter comprised about 73.1% of total litterfall for the rigitaeda pine, 70.8% for the red pine and 62.9% for the larch plantations. Our results demonstrate that litterfall inputs can be affected by tree species.
( Jae Yoon Jeong ),( Young Seo Cho ),( Jae Gon Lee ),( Sanghyeok Lim ),( Tae Yeob Kim ),( Seong Woo Nam ),( Joo Hyun Sohn ) 대한간학회 2020 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2020 No.1
Aims: Sarcopenia and osteoporosis are frequent complications in patients with liver cirrhosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic impact of skeletal muscle mass and bone mineral density in these patients. Methods: We included retrospectively cirrhotic patients who underwent both computed tomography scans (CT) and hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) measurement between December 2009 and March 2015. Single transverse CT image at the level of the third lumbar vertebra (L3) were used to evaluate skeletal muscle area, visceral and subcutaneous fat. The mean CT attenuation of the trabecular bone of the vertebral body in L4 (L4<sub>HU</sub>) was measured. Results: A total of 160 cirrhotic patients were enrolled. The mean age of the patients was 52.9 years with men predominating (n=116, 72.5%) and most of the cause was alcohol (62.5%). Forty-nine patients (30.6%) died during a median follow-up period of 39.6 months (range, 3.6-87.6). In multivariate analyses, HVPG (hazard ratio [HR] 1.069, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.011-1.130; P=0.018), Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) scores (HR 1.081, 95% CI 1.014-1.153; P=0.018), presence of sarcopenia (HR 1.859, 95% CI 1.004- 3.443; P=0.049) and L4<sub>HU</sub> (HR 1.839 for L4<sub>HU</sub> < 145 HU, 95% CI 1.013-3.338; P=0.045) were independently associated with long term mortality. In patients with low MELD score (<10), HVPG (HR 1.161, 95% CI 1.040-1.296; P=0.008) and L4<sub>HU</sub> (HR 4.173 for L4<sub>HU</sub> < 145 HU, 95% CI 1.501-11.598; P=0.006) were independent predictors of mortality, but and presence of sarcopenia was not significant. Conclusions: Muscle mass and bone mineral density, together with the known MELD and HVPG, were associated with longterm prognosis in cirrhotic patients. Especially, in low MELD score, low bone mineral density was independently associated with long-term mortality. It is necessary to identify prognostic roles of liver-muscle-bone according to the degree of cirrhosis.
문화예술상품 스타 마케팅에 대한 소비자의 반응: 스타의 브랜드 확장 시 장르 유사성과 기술적 방향성을 중심으로
정재엽 ( Jae Yeob Jeong ),김현철 ( Hyeon Cheol Kim ) 한국소비자학회 2015 소비자학연구 Vol.26 No.1
본 연구는 문화예술상품에서의 스타 마케팅 효과에 대해 연구하였다. 이를 위해 스타 마케팅 시 빈번히 있는 스타가 본인의 장르가 아닌 타 장르로 확장하는 경우를 연구하였다. 선행연구에 따르면 스타는 휴먼브랜드이다. 브랜드 관점에서 하나의 브랜드는 브랜드 확장을 할 수 있다. 모 브랜드와 확장 브랜드의 카테고리가 유사할수록, 확장의 기술적 방향이 상향인 경우보다 하향일수록 확장 브랜드에 대한 소비자 태도가 긍정적이었다. 스타의 장르 확장이 브랜드 확장과 유사하다고 보았다. 이런 관점에서 장르 간 유사성과 기술적 방향성이 문화예술상품에 대한 소비자 반응에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 살펴보았다. 브랜드 확장 관점에서 스타의 장르 확장을 스타가 활동하는 장르를 기준으로 유사하게 확장하는 경우와 비 유사하게 확장하는 경우로 비교하였다. 실험 결과 소비자는 스타가 유사하게 확장하는 경우가 비 유사확장보다 스타에 대한 태도와 스타가 참여한 확장 제품에 대한 태도에 더 긍정적이었다. 또한, 브랜드 확장 연구의 기술적 방향성에 대한 연구 관점에서 스타의 인지된 전문성과 확장 장르에서 요구되는 전문성간의 기술적 방향에 따른 소비자의 반응도 살펴보았다. 기술적 방향이 하향인 경우가 상향인 경우보다 스타에 대한 태도와 확장제품에 대한 태도가 더 긍정적이었다. 추가적으로 소비자의 특성(문화예술상품에 대한 관여도)에 따른 소비자의 스타 마케팅에 대한 반응에 대해서도 살펴보았다. 문화예술상품에 대한 관여도는 스타의 장르 확장 시 장르 유사성과의 거리 차이에 따른 소비자의 반응에 부분적으로 영향을 미치고 있었다. 고 관여 성향을 가진 소비자들이 인지적이고 본질적 측면에 초점을 맞추어 스타의 장르 확장을 평가하는 경향이 추가 연구에서 부분적으로 확인되었다. 끝으로 본 연구 결과에 대한 이론적, 실무적 시사점에 대해 제시하고 한계점과 향후 연구방향에 대해 논의하였다. The purpose of this study was to explore the effectiveness of star marketing in cultural products. Star marketing is that stars are cast in cultural products to reduce market risk. However, when stars from other popular genres are cast and they do not have the ability for performing, star marketing may be unsuccessful. To examine consumer response toward the star marketing, we focused on the genre similarity and the technical direction in the star extension. In this study, the star extension meant that a star extends his/her field to other genre (For example, Actor → Singer or Singer → Actor, etc.). In the human brand perspective(Thomson 2006), we empirically tested the consumer responses for the star genre extension. According to the previous studies, the brand extension was more successful when a brand extended into more similar and into more technically downward categories (Aaker & Keller 1990; Jun, Mazumdar & Raj 1999). Similar to the brand extension, we assumed that the consumer attitude is more positive when a star extends into more similar genre and the extended genre is more technically downward than the original genre of the star. The research was structured as a 3 (Star : Musical Actor, Singer, TV Drama Actor) X 2 (Extension Genre : TV Drama, Record, Musical Plays, not original genre of the star). 86 pretest participants were asked the distance between one genre and the other, and the degree of difficulty for star genre extension to determine the genre similarity and the technical direction. According to the pre-test results, six imaginary articles about star genre extension were made as experimental stimuli (genre similarity: close VS distant, and technical direction: downward VS upward). 305 data were collected from potential audiences including university students who were mainly women in their 20~30s. Participants were exposed one of six articles randomly and asked the attitude toward the star and the product of the article which were measured using a 7-point Likert scale. Also, the data were analyzed using factor analysis, reliability analysis, t-tests, and Two-way ANOVA through the SPSS 18.0 package. As <Table 2>, the result of this study showed that the participants favored the star and the extended product when the star extended into more similar genre and the extended genre was more technically downward than the original genre of the star. If the star is cast from other genre for the purpose of marketing, producers and cast directors consider a star’s perceived expertise and the genre similarity between his/her original genre and the extension genre. <Table 2> Consumer Response toward the Star Extension Similarity Between Star``s Original Genre and the Extension N Mean S.D F value t value p value Musical Actor ⇒ TV Drama Actor (Close) VS Singer ⇒ TV Drama Actor (Distant) Star Attitude Close 53 3.6730 1.06567 2.826 3.361 .001 Distant 51 2.9052 1.25886 Product Attitude Close 53 3.4906 1.25242 .431 2.701 .008 Distant 51 2.8078 1.32542 Musical Actor ⇒ Singer (Close) VS TV Drama Actor ⇒ Singer (Distant) Star Attitude Close 49 3.6633 1.11102 .017 2.442 .016 Distant 52 3.1314 1.07777 Product Attitude Close 49 3.3755 1.12963 .865 1.129 .262 Distant 52 3.1346 1.01496 Technical Direction Between Star``s Original Genre and the Extension N Mean S.D F value t value p value Musical Actor ⇒ TV Drama Actor (Downward) VS TV Drama Actor ⇒ Musical Actor (Upward) Star Attitude Downward 53 3.6730 1.06567 .116 2.189 .031 Upward 52 3.2308 1.00226 Product Attitude Downward 53 3.4906 1.25242 .933 2.239 .027 Upward 52 2.9923 1.01283 Musical Actor ⇒ Singer (Downward) VS Singer ⇒ Musical Actor (Upward) Star Attitude Downward 49 3.6633 1.11102 1.210 2.502 .014 Upward 48 3.0764 1.19789 Product Attitude Downward 49 3.3755 1.12963 3.532 1.200 .233 Upward 48 3.0708 1.36241 Furthermore, the consumer involvement of the cultural product influenced the consumer evaluation of the star extension. We explored that the consumer involvement affected the consumer attitude for the star extended products. The result was that the consumer involvement partially influenced the consumer evaluation of the star extension. This study suggested the theoretical and practical implications. It contributed the star marketing, human brand, and the brand extension studies. Also, this study suggested practical implications for the culture-art products professionals.