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Thermally stable, planar hybrid perovskite solar cells with high efficiency
Choi, Kyoungwon,Lee, Junwoo,Kim, Hong Il,Park, Cheol Woong,Kim, Guan-Woo,Choi, Hyuntae,Park, Sungjin,Park, Sang Ah,Park, Taiho The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018 ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Vol.11 No.11
<P>We report a highly effective interface engineering strategy for thermally stable perovskite solar cells (PSCs) by employing a zwitterion-modified SnO2 electron transport layer (ETL) and a dopant-free hole transport layer (HTL). A zwitterionic compound, 3-(1-pyridinio)-1-propanesulfonate, is used to modify the SnO2 ETL. The zwitterion, which forms interfacial dipoles, plays a few important roles: (1) it causes shifts in the work function of SnO2 resulting in more efficient charge extraction and an increase in the built-in potential. (2) It pulls electrons from perovskite layers to the ETL/perovskite interface, enhancing the electron transport ability. (3) Interfacial dipoles prevent back transfer of electrons from the ETL to the perovskite and suppress charge recombination. (4) Positively charged atoms in the zwitterion passivate Pb-I antisite defects, improving the stability of devices. With these desirable properties, the PSC with doped Spiro-OMeTAD obtained a power conversion efficiency of 21.43%. In addition, the PSC with the dopant-free HTL exhibited a record high efficiency of 20.5% among dopant-free polymeric HTLs using green solvents. The resulting PSCs without encapsulation showed excellent thermal stability. Accordingly, this work suggests that the use of a modified ETL and a dopant-free HTL is a promising strategy to overcome the thermal instability of planar-PSCs (P-PSCs).</P>
중소기업 퇴직연금 지원정책이 노후소득수준에 미치는 효과에 대한 연구: 세대별 가설적 위험인구집단 방식을 중심으로
최현태 ( Choi Hyuntae ),박상인 ( Park Sangin ) 한국사회보장학회 2022 사회보장연구 Vol.38 No.1
In the paper, we propose a policy that subsidizes the contributions to occupational pension funds of small-and-medium-sized enterprise (SME) employees. Then using a hypothetical risk biographies’ method, we evaluate old-age income levels of SME employees between generations in Korea. Under the current system, the old-age income levels of the employees who were born in 1970 or 1980 are below the lower limits of sufficient income replacement rate(53%). However, if the government subsidizes the occupation pension funds of SME employees by 4.17%, almost all employees’ old-age income levels will be above the upper limits(71%) of sufficient income replacement rate. Furthermore, if the government subsidizes with the monthly income ceiling of 3.30 million KRW, the income polarization does not be worsened with a similar effect on income replacement rate.
의약품 “동정적 사용 프로그램(Expanded Access Program)”의 민사법적 고찰
최현태 ( Hyuntae Choi ) 경상대학교 법학연구소 2015 法學硏究 Vol.23 No.4
2015년 2월 초 미국식품의약청(Food and Drug Administration : 이하 ‘FDA’라 함)은 아직 승인을 받지 못한 실험약물에 대한 ‘동정적 사용’과 관련하여 ``시도 할 권리 (right-to-try) 법’을 입법하면서 신청 및 허가절차를 간소화하는 내용을 포함시켜 발표하였다. 여기서 ‘동정적 사용’이라는 용어는 원래 ‘동정적사용승인계획 또는 동정적 사용프로그램(Expanded Access Program, EAP)’을 말한다. 이는 불치병에 걸렸거나 암 말기인 환자가 적절한 치료제가 없어 치료를 포기할 상황인 때 의료당국이 시판승인·허가전의 신약을 무상으로 공급해 치료기회를 주는 제도로써, 원래 ‘FDA’에서 에이즈가 급속도로 확산되는 시기를 계기로 만들어진 프로그램으로 알려져 있다. 우리의 식품의 약품안전처 및 미국의 FDA이나 유럽의 EMA(European Medicines Agency) 등의 식품의약품의 허가기관들은 전임상시험(Preclinical trial/ Investigation)을 포함하여 신약개발의 모든 단계를 포괄적으로 규제하게 됨으로써 시판허가 및 신약의 개발에 있어서 임상시험의 기간이 길어지게 되고, 이것은 환자의 입장에서는 오히려 절망감을 가중시키는 요인이 된다. 그러므로 기존 치료제로 만족할만한 효과를 기대하기 어려운 환자에게 최후의 치료기회를 제공하기 위해 아직 시판허가가 나지 않은 상태의 의약품을 무상으로 공급하는 동정적 사용 프로그램의 활용은 점점 활성화될 것으로 예측된다. 그러나 이러한 동정적 사용 프로그램을 통해 의약품을 처방받은 환자들에게 그들이 원하는 결과의 반대 결과, 즉 일정한 손해가 발생하였을 경우 그에 대한 법적 책임이 어떠할 것인지가 상당히 중요한 문제가 될 수 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 동정적 사용 프로그램이 무엇인지와 어떠한 상황 및 조건에서 동정적 사용 프로그램이 시행되고 허용되는 것인지(Ⅱ), 그리고 법적 분쟁이 발생했을 경우 환자 측이 권리 주장을 할 수 있는 부분과 그에 대한 의사 및 제조자 등의 책임범위에 관한 것을 살펴보고자 하였다(Ⅲ). 무엇보다도 책임법의 내용 중에서도 민사법적 시각에서 의약품 동정적 사용 프로그램 관련당사자 간의 배상책임 문제에 대해서 고찰을 주로 하였다. Clinical trials are an indispensable part of medical development. Even though there have been adverse drug reactions since human clinical trials first began, it would nevertheless be impossible to develop new drugs, technology, and new equipment without them.97) When a medical conflict arises due to pharmaceutical accident, a victim should be protected by the compensation through the legal proceeding. A doctor should bear duty of care and duty of explanation to a patient. A doctor also should be responsible for the damage accrued by the negligence of the prescription or administration of medication. The legal reason might be a default(contractual) liability and/or tort liability. The scope of compensation for damage accrued by the breach of duty of explanation should come to the damage of life, body, and health as well as noneconomic damage by the violation of the right of self-determination. Incases where an adverse drug reaction has occurred, the trial subject can file contract responsibility as stated in civil law (item 390), as well as claim damages under the Illegal Act(item 750). Furthermore ,it is the responsibility of the investigator and sponsors to fully identify any damages done. Due to a trial subject``s inability to fully report on all details concerning the cause and effect of any adverse drug reactions, it is necessary for the Institutional Review Board to trial subject in certain are as of each case.
연안생태계에서 아미노산의 질소 안정동위원소 비를 이용한 배경질소 안정동위원소 비 파악
최보형(Bohyung Choi),최현태(Hyuntae Choi),신경훈(Kyung-Hoon Shin) 전남대학교 수산과학연구소 2020 수산과학연구소논문집 Vol.28 No.2
In order to estimate trophic position and to determine nitrogen isotopic baseline in the coastal ecosystems, present study analyzed nitrogen isotope ratio of individual amino acid of oyster which sampled in two different estuaries. Trophic position (TP) of oysters estimated by nitrogen isotope ratio of bulk tissue showed spatial and temporal variation (1.4 to 2.2), while trophic position of oyster estimated by nitrogen isotope ratio of amino acids was nearly varied between sampling sites and seasons (1.8 to 2.2). In addition, present study showed depleted nitrogen isotope ratio of phenylalanine compare to that of bulk tissue in the sampled oysters (approximately 3.0‰). The light nitrogen isotope ratio of phenylalanine is expected to be an indicator of nitrogen isotopic baseline with elimination of trophic enrichment in the consumers. Moreover, we estimated nitrogen isotopic baseline using both bulk and compound specific nitrogen isotope ratio of oyster and found similar values among sampling sites and seasons. The suggested estimation will be alternatively applied to the trophic ecology.
Growth of Sheet-like ZnO Nanostructures on ZnO nano rods using Chemical Bath Deposition
Hyuntae Kim,Soobong Choi 한국진공학회(ASCT) 2018 Applied Science and Convergence Technology Vol.27 No.2
We demonstrate the growth of a sheet-like ZnO membrane on ZnO nano rod layers. The growth process is composed of 3 steps of ZnO seed formation, ZnO nano rod growth and sheet-like ZnO membrane formation on those nano rods. To confirm the fundamental growth mechanism, the lattice structures of each step were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) measurement. Analysis of the relation between the texture coefficient and the surface shape of the ZnO membrane on the ZnO nano rods shows that the surface morphology of ZnO nano structures can be controlled using the temperature of the growing solution and the concentration of the chemical solution.