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Expression and localization of two-pore domain K(+) channels in bovine germ cells.
Hur, Chang-Gi,Choe, Changyong,Kim, Gyu-Tae,Cho, Seong-Keun,Park, Jae-Yong,Hong, Seong-Geun,Han, Jaehee,Kang, Dawon Journals of Reproduction and Fertility 2009 Reproduction Vol.137 No.2
<P>Two-pore domain K(+) (K(2P)) channels that help set the resting membrane potential of excitable and nonexcitable cells are expressed in many kinds of cells and tissues. However, the expression of K(2P) channels has not yet been reported in bovine germ cells. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that K(2P) channels are expressed in the reproductive organs and germ cells of Korean cattle. RT-PCR data showed that members of the K(2P) channel family, specifically KCNK3, KCNK9, KCNK2, KCNK10, and KCNK4, were expressed in the ovary, testis, oocytes, embryo, and sperm. Out of these channels, KCNK2 and KCNK4 mRNAs were abundantly expressed in the mature oocytes, eight-cell stage embryos, and blastocysts compared with immature oocytes. KCNK4 and KCNK3 were significantly increased in eight-cell stage embryos. Immunocytochemical data showed that KCNK2, KCNK10, KCNK4, KCNK3, and KCNK9 channel proteins were expressed at the membrane of oocytes and blastocysts. KCNK10 and KCNK4 were strongly expressed and distributed in oocyte membranes. These channel proteins were also localized to the acrosome sperm cap. In particular, KCNK3 and KCNK4 were strongly localized to the post-acrosomal region of the sperm head and the equatorial band within the sperm head respectively. These results suggest that K(2P) channels might contribute to the background K(+) conductance of germ cells and regulate various physiological processes, such as maturation, fertilization, and development.</P>
K(+) efflux through two-pore domain K(+) channels is required for mouse embryonic development.
Hur, Chang-Gi,Kim, Eun-Jin,Cho, Seong-Keun,Cho, Young-Woo,Yoon, Sook-Young,Tak, Hyun-Min,Kim, Chang-Woon,Choe, Changyong,Han, Jaehee,Kang, Dawon Journals of Reproduction and Fertility 2012 Reproduction Vol.143 No.5
<P>Numerous studies have suggested that K(+) channels regulate a wide range of physiological processes in mammalian cells. However, little is known about the specific function of K(+) channels in germ cells. In this study, mouse zygotes were cultured in a medium containing K(+) channel blockers to identify the functional role of K(+) channels in mouse embryonic development. Voltage-dependent K(+) channel blockers, such as tetraethylammonium and BaCl(2), had no effect on embryonic development to the blastocyst stage, whereas K(2P) channel blockers, such as quinine, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (fluoxetine, paroxetine, and citalopram), gadolinium trichloride, anandamide, ruthenium red, and zinc chloride, significantly decreased blastocyst formation (P<0.05). RT-PCR data showed that members of the K(2P) channel family, specifically KCNK2, KCNK10, KCNK4, KCNK3, and KCNK9, were expressed in mouse oocytes and embryos. In addition, their mRNA expression levels, except Kcnk3, were up-regulated by above ninefold in morula-stage embryos compared with 2-cell stage embryos (2-cells). Immunocytochemical data showed that KCNK2, KCNK10, KCNK4, KCNK3, and KCNK9 channel proteins were expressed in the membrane of oocytes, 2-cells, and blastocysts. Each siRNA injection targeted at Kcnk2, Kcnk10, Kcnk4, Kcnk3, and Kcnk9 significantly decreased blastocyst formation by ~38% compared with scrambled siRNA injection (P<0.05). The blockade of K(2P) channels acidified the intracellular pH and depolarized the membrane potential. These results suggest that K(2P) channels could improve mouse embryonic development through the modulation of gating by activators.</P>
Hur, Woon-Yung,Roh, Eun-Jung,Oh, Chang-Sik,Han, Man-Wi,Lee, Seung-Don,Kim, Doo-Ho,Heu, Sung-Gi The Korean Society of Plant Pathology 2009 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.25 No.3
The stability of three different kinds of pUC-derived plasmids, pDsRed, pZsYellow, and pGFPuv, was investigated in Pectobacterium strains to utilize those plasmids as tracers. All three plasmids pDsRed, pZsYellow and pGFPuv showed their specific colors in Pectobacterium strains. Especially, the plasmid pDsRed conferred bright pink colonies on the Pectobacterium strains. When the bacteria lost the plasmid pDsRed, the colonies turned white, suggesting that the plasmid could be a good marker system for Pectobacterium strains on different environmental conditions. The effect of the antibiotic pressure on the stability of the plasmid was different depending on the host bacteria. P. carotovorum subsp. betavasculorum was more sensitive to the antibiotic pressure than P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum Pcc21. However, temperature change significantly affected plasmid stability on both Pectobacterium strains. Almost all strains lost the plasmids with the shift in temperature from $28^{\circ}C$ to $37^{\circ}C$. Presence of the plasmids did not affect bacterial pathogenicity on their own host plants. Among three plasmids, pZsYellow was not useful as a marker because the yellow fluorescent proteins from pZs Yellow were interfered with the yellow natural fluorescence of the plant tissues induced by the defense system. Since the red color of DsRed can be seen with naked eyes, plasmid pDsRed was applicable as a marker. However, the color change was slow so that additional manipulation to increase the expression speed was necessary. Plasmid pGFPuv could serve as a perfect marker without any problem, tracing the reproduction and spread of the plant pathogens perfectly.
Importance of taxonomic research for biodiversity of Korea
Hur, Wee-Haeng,Park, Chan-Ho,Min, Gi-Sik,Hyun, Chang-Woo,Bae, Eun Hee,Lee, Jeong Hyun,Jung, Eun-Hee,Yoo, Jung-Sun,Suh, Min Hwan The National Institute of Biological Resources 2016 Journal of species research Vol.5 No.3
In 2012, the NIBR started publishing the Journal of Species Research (JSR) as an international specialized journal of biological taxonomy focusing on taxonomic research. JSR Volume 5 Number 3, to be published in October 2016, has been planned as a 'Special Edition on New and Unrecorded Species of Invertebrates in Korea', and so it consists of the reports of 149 new and unrecorded invertebrate species (including protozoa) discovered in Korea. In future, the JSR should further accelerate the use of such methods to generate valid data for new species and effectively support the compilation of 'National List of Species of Korea'. In this way, it will contribute significantly to enrich for biodiversity in Korea.