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Three Reforming Regimes? Modernity and the Fiscal State in Modern Korean History
Holly Stephens 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 2019 Seoul journal of Korean studies Vol.32 No.1
This article approaches the challenge of reperiodizing Korean history by considering the place of the nineteenth century within accounts of modern Korea. In recent years, numerous studies have examined various aspects of Korean “modernity.” However, notwithstanding the contributions from such studies, an overemphasis on modernity as a central concept runs the risk of marginalizing significant topics that fall outside of the definition of “modern” life. After exploring recent historiographical trends, this article presents an alternative conception of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries that explicitly aims to look beyond the category of “the modern” in order to bridge the historiographical divide of late Chosŏn and colonial Korea. Through a survey of fiscal practices under three different regimes—the late Chosŏn state, the era of the Kabo reforms and the Great Korean Empire, and the colonial period—I examine the evolution of taxation as a measure of the state’s ability to access information and negotiate with competing interests within Korean society. Rather than focusing on an emerging modern rationality, I show how the practices adopted by different regimes appealed to a wide array of norms as each government confronted shared fiscal concerns and sought to cultivate the information and institutions necessary to support itself. Despite some obvious innovations, I also show some continuities that highlight the importance of the nineteenth century in understanding interactions between the population and the government into the twentieth century.
Compensatory Neural Reorganization in Tourette Syndrome
Jackson, Stephen ,R.,Parkinson, Amy,Jung, Jeyoung,Ryan, Suzanne ,E.,Morgan, Paul ,S.,Hollis, Chris,Jackson, Georgina ,M. Cell Press 2011 Current biology Vol.21 No.7
<P><B>Summary</B></P><P>Children with neurological disorders may follow unique developmental trajectories whereby they undergo compensatory neuroplastic changes in brain structure and function that help them gain control over their symptoms [1–6]. We used behavioral and brain imaging techniques to investigate this conjecture in children with Tourette syndrome (TS). Using a behavioral task that induces high levels of intermanual conflict, we show that individuals with TS exhibit enhanced control of motor output. Then, using structural (diffusion-weighted imaging) brain imaging techniques, we demonstrate widespread differences in the white matter (WM) microstructure of the TS brain that include alterations in the corpus callosum and forceps minor (FM) WM that significantly predict tic severity in TS. Most importantly, we show that task performance for the TS group (but not for controls) is strongly predicted by the WM microstructure of the FM pathways that lead to the prefrontal cortex and by the functional magnetic resonance imaging blood oxygen level-dependent response in prefrontal areas connected by these tracts. These results provide evidence for compensatory brain reorganization that may underlie the increased self-regulation mechanisms that have been hypothesized to bring about the control of tics during adolescence.</P>