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Development of lowland weed management and weed succession in Japan
Watanabe, Hiroaki The Korean Society of Weed Science and The Turfgra 2011 Weed Biology and Management Vol.11 No.4
Since the introduction of rice production in Japan, lowland areas have been managed for rice production with the purpose of better rice growth, as well as lesser weed infestation. Rice is cropped every year in lowland fields by repeated cultivation of a single crop, with high yields and without soil sickness usually being observed in upland fields. This is probably because the irrigation water supplies various nutrients for healthy rice growth and the drainage washes out and removes harmful factors. However, until recently, the wet or flooded conditions of lowland fields in the Asian monsoon region never have allowed humans to cultivate useful summer crops, except rice or some aquatic plants. Therefore, the management of lowland areas in the Asian monsoon region has been significantly different from European field management, where crop rotation has been the traditional standard practice. Paddy weeds are aquatic plants or hygrophytes that have adapted to lowland fields. Traditionally, tillage and puddling were practiced seasonally in lowland fields on a regular schedule every year. Rice cultivation technology was developed and supported by regional irrigation systems that created stable environments for typical paddy weeds to complete their life cycle. After the introduction of chemical weed control, rice fields became very severe habitats for these paddy weeds, where they could not grow and reproduce without strategies for survival under herbicide exposure. Even so, many of the traditional paddy weeds survived because of their accumulated or uneradicated seed banks, although several aquatic plants were listed as endangered or threatened species. The important weed species changed, sometimes rapidly and sometimes slowly, depending both on their reproductive system and their biological response towards field management and weed control systems. Very recently, the level of perennial weeds, herbicide-resistant weeds, and weedy rice has increased in paddy fields that are highly dependent on herbicide use. In addition, several hygrophyte species have invaded paddy fields. In order to address these issues, the improvement and application of integrated weed management methods are expected to be critical.
안성율,Hiroaki Watanabe,Toshiaki Kitagawa 대한기계학회 2019 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.33 No.4
A numerical simulation was performed with the two competing model in the devolatilization process for a pulverized coal combustion jet flame by means of LES. The target was a simple jet burner flame in CRIEPI. To solve the LES equations, a CFD code FFR. Comb was employed with the dynamic Smagorinsky SGS turbulent model. A simple global kinetic mechanism was implemented to predict combustion of the gas and solid phase combustion. The interactions between the two phases were calculated by PSI-Cell model while the reaction rate in turbulent flow was established by SSFRRM. The simulation was validated by comparing results to the experimental data in terms of particle dispersion and velocity as well as gaseous velocity. The flame structure was discussed with temperature, mole fraction of major species. In addition, the effect of the devolatilization model was investigated simultaneously by comparing to another simulation that employed the single first order reaction model because the devolatilization was one of the major processes in coal combustion and it had an influence on the flame structure from all reactive regions. The release rate was calculated by two different parameter sets in the Arrhenius rate equation for the two competing model that were corresponding different temperature regions whereas the released rate was determined by only one fixed parameter set in the single first order reaction model. From the simulation, it was revealed that the main reactions took place at the upstream and the first fuel oxidation was stronger at the inner reaction zone comparing to the far side combustion. It was confirmed as well that the two competing model could capture the quick devolatilization faster than the single first order reaction model though the dominant part appeared later than the single first order reaction model.
Cao, Linlin,Watanabe, Satoshi,Honda, Hironori,Yoshimura, Hiroaki,Furukawa, Akinori Korean Society for Fluid machinery 2014 International journal of fluid machinery and syste Vol.7 No.4
As a high specific speed pump, the contra-rotating axial flow pump with two rotors rotating reversely has been proved with higher hydraulic and cavitation performance, while in our previous researches, the potential interaction between two blade rows was distinctly observed for our prototype rotors designed with equal rotational speed for both front and rear rotors. Based on the theoretical and experimental evidences, a rotational speed optimization methodology was proposed and applied in the design of a new combination of contra-rotating rotors, primarily in expectation of the optimized blade pressure distributions as well as pertinently improved hydraulic performances including cavitation performance. In the present study, given one stationary and two rotating frames in the contra-rotating rotors case, a pressure measurement concept taking account of the revolutions of both front and rear rotors simultaneously was adopted. The casing wall pressure data sampled in time domain was successfully transferred into space domain, by which the ensemble averaged blade-to-blade pressure distributions at the blade tip of two contra-rotating rotors under different operation conditions were studied. It could be seen that the rotor pair with the optimized rotational speed combination as well as work division, shows more reasonable blade-to-blade pressure distribution and well weakened potential interaction. Moreover, combining the loading curves estimated by the measured casing wall pressure, the cavitation performance of the rotor pairs with new rotational speed combination were proved to be superior to those of the prototype pairs.