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Gender-Based Differences in Expository Language Use: A Corpus Study of Japanese
Heffernan, Kevin,Nishino, Keiko Institute for Corpus Research 2020 Asia pacific journal of corpus research Vol.1 No.2
Previous work has shown that men both explain and value the act of explaining more than women, as explaining conveys expertise. However, previous studies are limited to English. We conducted an exploratory study to see if similar patterns are seen amongst Japanese speakers. We examined three registers of Japanese: conversational interviews, simulated speeches, and academic presentations. For each text, we calculated two measures: lexical density and the percentage of the text written in kanji. Both are indicators of expository language. Men produced significantly higher scores for the interviews and speeches. However, the results for the presentations depend on age and academic field. In fields in which women are the minority, women produce higher scores. In the field in which men are the minority, younger men produced higher scores but older men produced lower scores than women of the same age. Our results show that in academic contexts, the explainers are not necessarily men but rather the gender minority. We argue that such speakers are under social pressure to present themselves as experts. These results show that the generalization that men tend to explain more than women does not always hold true, and we urge more academic work on expository language.
( Kevin Heffernan ),( Paul Loprinzi ) 대한스포츠의학회 2021 대한스포츠의학회지 Vol.39 No.3
Purpose: Both low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and obesity may hasten vascular aging and increase atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk. This study explored the joint association of CRF and obesity with ASCVD risk using the fitness fatness index (FFI) and measures of vascular aging derived from blood pressure in a large sample of United States adults. Methods: Data from the 1999-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used (N=8,080 adults between the ages of 20-85 years, which is a weighted population equivalent of 174,277,151). The FFI was calculated as CRF divided by waist-to-height ratio. Measures of vascular aging included estimated pulse wave velocity (ePWV), pulse pressure (PP), and the vascular overload index (VOI), with ePWV being calculated from systolic and diastolic blood pressures and age while PP and VOI were calculated from blood pressure alone. Results: After full adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, body mass index, smoking, physical activity, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and total cholesterol, FFI was inversely associated with ePWV (b=-.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.11 to -0.09; p<0.001), PP (b=-.86; 95% CI, -1.03 to -0.68; p< 0.001) and the VOI (b=-.74; 95% CI, -0.95 to -0.053; p< 0.001). Conclusion: FFI is associated with lower ePWV, PP, and VOI in a nationally representative sample of adults. Maintaining higher CRF concomitant with lower body fat may minimize vascular load and contribute to healthy vascular aging. Conversely, lower fitness and higher fatness may contribute to early/accelerated vascular aging.
The Incredible Shrinking Noun Phrase: Ongoing Change in Japanese Word Formation
Kevin Heffernan,Yusuke Imanishi Institute for Corpus Research 2023 Asia pacific journal of corpus research Vol.4 No.1
The Japanese language, as a typical agglutinating language, permits large noun phrases (NP) containing ten or more morphemes. In this paper, we argue that the nature of the NP in Japanese is changing. Our data are drawn from the Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese. We conduct a series of apparent-time studies of ongoing changes in complex NPs. We first examine the length of compound nouns, followed by the usage of bound suffixes. We then examine ongoing changes in complex NPs that contain genitive case markers. Finally, we examine noun incorporation. All of our studies show a trend towards shorter, less complex NPs. Furthermore, our results suggest that the usage rate of phrases that modify the noun inside the NP (compound nouns, bound nouns, NPs containing genitive case, noun incorporation) appears to be decreasing over time. On the other hand, the usage rate of modifying material outside of the NP (positional phrases, relative clauses) appears to be increasing over time. We conclude by suggesting that our results reflect a diachronic change of decreasing synthetic morphology and increasing analytic morphology. We end by pointing out the implications of this work on our understanding syntheticity and analyticity.
Cahill Kerin M.,Gartia Manas R.,Sahu Sushant,Bergeron Sarah R.,Heffernan Linda M.,Paulsen Daniel B.,Penn Arthur L.,Noël Alexandra 한국독성학회 2022 Toxicological Research Vol.38 No.2
Approximately 7% of pregnant women in the United States use electronic-cigarette (e-cig) devices during pregnancy. There is, however, no scientific evidence to support e-cig use as being ‘safe’ during pregnancy. Little is known about the effects of fetal exposures to e-cig aerosols on lung alveologenesis. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that in utero exposure to e-cig aerosol impairs lung alveologenesis and pulmonary function in neonates. Pregnant BALB/c mice were exposed 2 h a day for 20 consecutive days during gestation to either filtered air or cinnamon-flavored e-cig aerosol (36 mg/ mL of nicotine). Lung tissue was collected in offspring during lung alveologenesis on postnatal day (PND) 5 and PND11. Lung function was measured at PND11. Exposure to e-cig aerosol in utero led to a significant decrease in body weights at birth which was sustained through PND5. At PND5, in utero e-cig exposures dysregulated genes related to Wnt signaling and epigenetic modifications in both females (~ 120 genes) and males (40 genes). These alterations were accompanied by reduced lung fibrillar collagen content at PND5—a time point when collagen content is close to its peak to support alveoli formation. In utero exposure to e-cig aerosol also increased the Newtonian resistance of offspring at PND11, suggesting a narrowing of the conducting airways. At PND11, in females, transcriptomic dysregulation associated with epigenetic alterations was sustained (17 genes), while WNT signaling dysregulation was largely resolved (10 genes). In males, at PND11, the expression of only 4 genes associated with epigenetics was dysregulated, while 16 Wnt related-genes were altered. These data demonstrate that in utero exposures to cinnamon-flavored e-cig aerosols alter lung structure and function and induce sex-specific molecular signatures during lung alveologenesis in neonatal mice. This may reflect epigenetic programming affecting lung disease development later in life.