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Market Integration and Industrial Specialization on a Monopolistic Competitive Market
Hansen, JØrgen Drud,JØrgensen , Jan Guldager 세종대학교 국제경제연구소 2001 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.16 No.3
This paper examines the relationship between market integration and product diversification in a Chamberlinian model of monopolistic competition. In the first version of the model, production of the firm is organised in activities producing either one or two horizontally differentiated product-variants. The cost functions show both scale and scope economies. Market integration is illustrated by an increase in the market size. For increasing market size, each firm shifts from producing tow variants to producing one variant only at a certain threshold value of market size. Passing this threshold value the firm size measured by total output changes discontinuously leaving the effect on firm size ambiguous. For specific specification of the perceived demand of the individual firm hysteresis of the industrial structure may appear in the sense that the threshold value of the market size for shifting from two to one variant production exceeds that of the threshold value of market size of shifting from one to two variants. In the last part of the paper, the model is generalised to a continuum of variants and it is shown that an increase of the market size reduces the number of variants produced by each firm, whereas the hysteresis phenomenon disappears.
Hansen, Gayle I.,West, John A.,Yoon, Hwan Su,Goodman, Christopher D.,Goer, Susan Loiseaux-de,Zuccarello, Giuseppe C. The Korean Society of Phycology 2019 ALGAE Vol.34 No.2
A new encrusting red alga was found growing abundantly on glass debris items that drifted ashore along the coasts of Oregon and Washington. These included discarded fluorescent tubes, incandescent light bulbs, capped liquor bottles, and ball-shaped fishing-net floats. Field collections and unialgal cultures of the alga revealed that it consisted of two morphological phases: a young loosely aggregated turf and a mature consolidated mucilaginous crust. The turf phase consisted of a basal layer of globose cells that produced erect, rarely branched, uniseriate to multiseriate filaments up to $500{\mu}m$ long with closely spaced cells lacking pit-plugs. These filaments expanded in size from their bases to their tips and released single cells as spores. At maturity, a second phase of growth occurred that produced a consolidated crust, up to $370{\mu}m$ thick. It consisted of a basal layer of small, tightly appressed ellipsoidal-to-elongate cells that generated a mucilaginous perithallial matrix containing a second type of filament with irregularly spaced cells often undergoing binary division. At the matrix surface, the original filaments continued to grow and release spores but often also eroded. Individual cells, examined using confocal microscopy and SYBR Green staining, were found to contain a central nucleus, a single highly lobed peripheral chloroplast without a pyrenoid, and numerous chloroplast nucleoids. Morphological data from field and culture isolates and molecular data (rbcL, psbA, and SSU) show that this alga is a new genus and species which we name Viator vitreocola, "a traveller on glass."
세계의 창 - 트럼프 대통령의 파리 기후협약 탈퇴 선언 후 확대되는 원자력의 중요성
Hansen, James,Shellenberger, Michael 한국원자력산업회의 2017 원자력산업 Vol.37 No.7
태양과 바람은 화석 연료를 완전히 대체할 수 없기 때문에 원자력은 기후 변화와의 싸움에서 필수적인 요소이다. 도널드 트럼프 미 대통령이 파리 기후협약 탈퇴를 선언한 이후, 미국 내 12개 주 주지사들은 즉시 독단적인 기후변화방지 정책 행보를 표명했다. 주지사들이 채택한 정책 행보는 다양하나, 최근 여러 연구에 따르면 미국이 보유한 가장 풍부하고 안전한 에너지인 원자력발전소 가동이 가장 경제적이며 확실한 탄소 배출 감소 대책이다.