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Gruen, Henry,Gorner, Helmut Korean Society of Photoscience 2009 Photochemical & photobiological sciences Vol.8 No.8
The radical-induced reduction of 16,17-dihydroxy- ($M1O_2$) and 16,17-dimethoxyviolanthrone ($M2O_2$) in argon-saturated 1-phenylethanol or mixtures of dimethyl sulfoxide and acetonitrile or glycerol triacetate was studied by photochemical methods. The photoproduct of $MiO_2$ (i = 1, 2) in the presence of a sensitizer, such as acetone, acetophenone or benzophenone, and a donor, e.g. an alcohol or triethylamine, is the fluorescing dihydroquinone, Mi$(OH)_2$ which undergoes back-oxidation. Flash photolysis reveals ketyl radicals after the pulse and indicates radical formation in the 1 ms range en route to $Mi(OH)_2$, while the putative donor and semiquinone radicals are undetectable intermediates. The concentrations of quinonoid dyes and donors were varied to explore the phenomena and to provide data for a mechanistic interpretation.
Thomas Gruen,Daniel Corsten 한국마케팅과학회 2021 마케팅과학연구 Vol.31 No.3
Accessibility of products in online retail is an expected part of the shopper experience journey. Frequent products are not accessible due to non-availability. Introduced by Sheth and Sisodia, the 4A’s framework articulates how success in any marketing program depends on four dimensions: Awareness, Acceptability, Affordability, and Accessibility. This article demonstrates how, like dominos fall, marketing investments can fail when the final 4A’s stage, Accessibility, is not adequately addressed in online retailing. Surveying more than 2,000 shoppers across five European and Asian countries that encountered a non-available item while shopping online for one of six fast-moving consumer goods categories, the research study examines shoppers’ switching behavior when Accessibility has been interrupted in the purchasing stage of the customer journey. The overall goal is to better understand how shoppers change their behavior, and it examines a variety of causes that drive switching behavior, whether it be to switch stores, switch brands, or switch intentions when the item they desired is unavailable. Switching behavior was found to vary greatly among the five countries, but less between categories, and switching was greatly affected by the way shoppers encountered the nonavailable item. The study concludes with recommendations to address Accessibility both in product availability and shoppers’ transaction costs.
H.Gruening 전력전자학회 1992 ICPE(ISPE)논문집 Vol.1992 No.4
A step by step improvement strategy for high voltage bipolar power turn-off devices is presented in this paper: For the first time it is shown that the standard drive of GTOs mainly is responsible for the current filamentation occuring at its turn-on and turn-off transients. Consequently, new, hard drive conditions are introduced and verified by experiment and 2D device simulation for the turn-on. Thus, homogeneous turn-on is achieved with a 3 kA/4.5 kV GTO for the first time, at the same time enabling a drastic reduction of the snubber components. Then, the hard driven FCTh is introduced as an ultimate end of that development line: 2.2 kV/200 A has been switched without any snubber by means of 1.6 cm2 active area, resulting in homogeneous turn-on and close to homogeneous<br/> dynamic avalanche turn-off (p_off = 275 kVA/cm2). Furthermore, very fast switching and small storage times (tr≤300 ns, ts ≤ 150 ns), excellent turn-off stability and excellent agreement with 2D device simulation form first principles (ABB-PISCES) in both, the turn-on and the turn-off transients, are reported. Thus both, a deep understanding of the GTO and the FCTh, here is presented for the first time.<br/>
Improvement of inspection system for common crossings by track side monitoring and prognostics
Sysyn, Mykola,Nabochenko, Olga,Kovalchuk, Vitalii,Gruen, Dimitri,Pentsak, Andriy Techno-Press 2019 Structural monitoring and maintenance Vol.6 No.3
Scheduled inspections of common crossings are one of the main cost drivers of railway maintenance. Prognostics and health management (PHM) approach and modern monitoring means offer many possibilities in the optimization of inspections and maintenance. The present paper deals with data driven prognosis of the common crossing remaining useful life (RUL) that is based on an inertial monitoring system. The problem of scheduled inspections system for common crossings is outlined and analysed. The proposed analysis of inertial signals with the maximal overlap discrete wavelet packet transform (MODWPT) and Shannon entropy (SE) estimates enable to extract the spectral features. The relevant features for the acceleration components are selected with application of Lasso (Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) regularization. The features are fused with time domain information about the longitudinal position of wheels impact and train velocities by multivariate regression. The fused structural health (SH) indicator has a significant correlation to the lifetime of crossing. The RUL prognosis is performed on the linear degradation stochastic model with recursive Bayesian update. Prognosis testing metrics show the promising results for common crossing inspection scheduling improvement.
Finner, Kyle,Jee, M. James,Golovich, Nathan,Wittman, David,Dawson, William,Gruen, Daniel,Koekemoer, Anton M.,Lemaux, Brian C.,Seitz, Stella American Astronomical Society 2017 The Astrophysical journal Vol.851 No.1
<P>The second most significant detection of the Planck Sunyaev-Zel'dovich survey, PLCK G287.0+32.9 (z = 0.385), boasts two similarly bright radio relics and a radio halo. One radio relic is located similar to 400 kpc NW of the X-ray peak and the other similar to 2.8 Mpc to the SE. This large difference suggests that a complex merging scenario is required. A key missing puzzle for the merging scenario reconstruction is the underlying dark matter distribution in high resolution. We present a joint Subaru Telescope and Hubble Space Telescope weak-lensing analysis of the cluster. Our analysis shows that the mass distribution features four significant substructures. Of the substructures, a primary cluster of mass M-200c = 1.59(-0.22)(+0.25) x 10(15) h(70)(-1) M-circle dot dominates the weak-lensing signal. This cluster is likely to be undergoing a merger with one (or more) subcluster whose mass is approximately a factor of 10 lower. One candidate is the subcluster of mass M-200c = 1.16(-0.13)(+0.15) x 10(14) h(70)(-1) M-circle dot located similar to 400 kpc to the SE. The location of this subcluster suggests that its interaction with the primary cluster could be the source of the NW radio relic. Another subcluster is detected similar to 2 Mpc to the SE of the X-ray peak with mass M-200c =1.68(-0.20)(+0.22) x 10(14) h(70)(-1) M-circle dot. This SE subcluster is in the vicinity of the SE radio relic and may have created the SE radio relic during a past merger with the primary cluster. The fourth subcluster, M-200c = 1.87(-0.22)(+0.24) x 10(14) h(70)(-1) M-circle dot, is NW of the X-ray peak and beyond the NW radio relic.</P>