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Grabowski, Marcin,Duggan, Niall World Association for Triple Helix and Future Stra 2021 Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia Vol.20 No.2
Even though Sino-American relations of the Donald Trump era were perceived as predominately confrontational, with a symbolic trade war between the two, the scale of economic interdependencies between the United States and China results in either a need for collaboration or in serious losses on both sides in the case of lack of cooperation. The paper aims at analyzing economic relations between the United States of America and the People's Republic of China at the time of the Trump presidency. Analysis is based on the complex interdependence theory of Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye. The main hypothesis analyzed in the paper states: Asymmetric interdependence between the People's Republic of China and the United States of America limits the scope, intensity and length of a trade war. For the sake of the paper, economic interdependence will be analyzed. Apart from the reference to the state of the art, the document analysis and descriptive statistics are to be applied in the paper.
Richard GRABOWSKI 연세대학교 빈곤문제국제개발연구원 2015 Journal of Poverty Alleviation and International D Vol.6 No.1
This paper develops a semi-open dualistic model of the development process. Within this context rapid structural change and development is likely to be stymied by low productivity in staple food production. This will result in labor being relatively expensive, even when it is physically abundant. Thus solving the food problem is essential for successful economic development. However, different countries have resolved this problem in very different ways. The experiences of Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and Indonesia are used to illustrate the problem and the different ways each country has evolved to solve it. These experiences have implications for today’s developing countries.
Ustekinumab pharmacokinetics after subcutaneous administration in swine model
Tomasz Grabowski,Artur Burmańczuk,Rafał Derlacz,Tadeusz Stefaniak,Anna Rząsa,Jacek Borkowski 대한수의학회 2021 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.22 No.5
Background: Due to multiple similarities in the structure and physiology of human and pig skin, the pig model is extremely useful for biological drug testing after subcutaneous administration. Knowledge of the differences between subcutaneous injection sites could have a significant impact on the absorption phase and pharmacokinetic profiles of biological drugs. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the impact of administration site on pharmacokinetics and selected biochemical and hematological parameters after a single subcutaneous administration of ustekinumab in pigs. Drug concentrations in blood plasma were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Pharmacokinetic analyses were performed based on raw data using Phoenix WinNonlin 8.1 software and ThothPro v 4.1. Methods: The study included 12 healthy, female, large white piglets. Each group received a single dose of ustekinumab given as a 1 mg/kg subcutaneous injection into the internal part of the inguinal fold or the external part of the inguinal fold. Results: The differences in absorption rate between the internal and external parts of the inguinal fold were not significant. However, the time of maximal concentration, clearance, area under the curve calculated between zero and mean residence time and mean residence time between groups were substantially different (p > 0.05). The relative bioavailability after administration of ustekinumab into the external part of the inguinal fold was 40.36% lower than after administration of ustekinumab into the internal part of the inguinal fold. Conclusions: Healthy breeding pigs are a relevant model to study the pharmacokinetic profile of subcutaneously administered ustekinumab.
Policy Shift and the Lack of Industrialization in Africa
Richard Grabowski,Sharmistha Self 연세대학교 빈곤문제국제개발연구원 2022 Asian Development Perspectives (ADP) Vol.13 No.1
Empirical analysis indicates that a policy shift occurred in Sub-Saharan Africa that involved the political elite redirecting their attention to agriculture, resulting in policies that reduced the indirect taxation of this sector. It is hypothesized that this has had two effects: a productivity effect that stimulated the expansion of manufacturing and a reallocation effect that reduced manufacturing. It is hypothesized that initially, the productivity effect was stronger than the reallocation effect, and thus manufacturing expanded as a share of GDP. However, as indirect taxes continue to be reduced the reallocation effect comes to offset the productivity effect and the share of manufacturing in GDP begins to fall. A panel data set for a sample of Sub-Saharan African countries is created and analysis of this data indicates that indeed the hypotheses are supported.
STRUCTURAL CHANGE AND THE INTERSECTORAL TERMS OF TRADE: SOUTHEAST ASIAN EXPERIENCE
Richard Grabowski,SHARMISTHA SELF 중앙대학교 경제연구소 2019 Journal of Economic Development Vol.44 No.2
In this paper it is hypothesized that premature deindustrialization is related to the intersectoral terms of trade between agriculture and manufacturing. Using a dualistic model it is shown that factors which raise the price of agricultural goods relative to manufactured goods slow the rate of structural change from agriculture to manufacturing. Data from a number of Southeast Asian countries is used to create a panel data set to test the hypothesis. Indeed a rise in the relative price of agricultural goods does indeed slow structural change and that on important factor raising this relative price ratio has been the elimination of policies which indirectly tax agriculture. The policy implication is that in order to avoid this unexpected consequence of policy reform government policy must be aimed at dramatically increasing productivity growth in agriculture.
Prospects of African Integration in Light of the Theory of Optimum Currency Areas
Horva´th, Ju´lius,Grabowski, Richard 세종대학교 국제경제연구소 1997 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.12 No.1
This paper empirically addresses the question of the prospects of integration among African states in light of Mundell's theory of optimum currency areas. The symmetry and asymmetry of shocks affecting African countries is measured by a structural vector autoregression decomposition method developed by Blanchard and Quah [1989] and Bayoumi and Eichengreen [1992]. The results indicate that the scope for such integration is quite limited. Asymmetry of supply shocks prevails throughout Africa and especially in its Eastern part. On the other hand, we found that there are groups of countries in northern Africa, Western Africa and South Africa which share symmetric demand shocks. (JEL Classification: F36, O55)
Justyna Kendik-Gut,Łukasz Grabowski 한국코퍼스언어학회 2018 Corpus Linguistics Research Vol.4 No.-
Classroom use of authentic texts used in everyday communication has not always been an inseparable part of foreign language teaching. According to Grigaliuniene (2013, p. 17), “the structures many current textbooks teach for certain functions are either never used or used infrequently while quite unexpected structures are the ones that actually occur”. Despite the awareness of the importance of authentic patterns of language use, students often learn structures (lexical or grammatical) which are rarely used in actual communication. Teaching authentic phrases is even more important in English for Specific Purposes (ESP) where learners’ specific needs impact the design of a course (Dudley-Evans & St John, 1998). What is more, ESP students need to acquire vocabulary of a target profession. Thus, in this preliminary study, conducted using corpus linguistic methodology, an attempt is made to identify and explore the use and discourse functions of frequent and typical patterns of language use, i.e. keywords, recurrent clusters and multi-word terms (nominalizations), found in a custom-designed corpus of car reviews written in English. As shown by examples of student tasks, the results have pedagogical potential in that they can be used as a useful resource when designing or supplementing teaching materials for secondary-school ESP students (automotive technicians and car mechanics).1)
FEMALE AUTONOMY IN RURAL NORTH INDIA: IMPACT OF ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL FACTORS
Sharmistha Self,Richard Grabowski 중앙대학교 경제연구소 2013 Journal of Economic Development Vol.38 No.1
This paper attempts to answer a number of questions concerning factors which influence female autonomy as measured by mobility in rural north India (Uttar Pradesh). It is hypothesized that a female autonomy outside the home is influenced by social, economic, and political factors. The results of the empirical analysis indicate that the availability of certain types of infrastructure along with off-farm employment opportunities at the village level have a positive influence on female autonomy. In terms of the political structure of local government, there is no evidence to support the notion that having a female Pradhan will result in greater female autonomy. However, female autonomy is enhanced if the Pradhan is from a scheduled caste and/or the Pradhan has significant political experience. Data for the 2000s shows improvements in female autonomy and female participation in local government in Uttar Pradesh. However, significant challenges continue to remain. The results have important policy implications.