From Revolutionary Culture to Original Culture and Back: “On New Democracy” and the Kampucheanization of Marxism-Leninism, 1940-1965

Matthew Galway 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 2017 Cross-Currents Vol.0 No.24

In Mao Zedong’s 1940 essay “On New Democracy,” he states that the Chinese Communists fought to build a new China with new politics, a new economy, and, most crucially, a new culture. Decades later, Saloth Sar (Pol Pot, nom de guerre) read French translations of Mao’s works in Paris, and drew from the Khmer past and Buddhism to call for democratic reform of a Khmer cultural type. While he had read and appreciated Mao Zedong Thought before, it was not until he visited Beijing in 1965–1966 that Sar awoke fully to Mao’s ideas, returning to Cambodia a Maoist convert. In Democratic Kampuchea (DK, 1975–1979), Sar, like Mao, sought to create a new culture, but this time through the lens of Maoism (exported Mao Zedong Thought). Party documents and speeches show how he sought to create a “Kampucheanized” Marxism-Leninism along the lines of Mao’s “Sinified” Marxism and with a “clean” revolutionary culture. This article argues that by tracking Pol Pot’s approaches to rebranding Cambodia, from his earliest political writing to his experiences abroad to the grotesque human experiment of DK, we can uncover the underlying problems of “Kampucheanizing” ideas from Maoist China. As the article shows, despite some similarities, Mao’s application of Marxism to the Chinese case—as he outlined in “One New Democracy”—and his vision for a new revolutionary culture were vastly different from Pol Pot’s efforts in Kampuchea.

Specters of Dependency: Hou Yuon and the Origins of Cambodia’s Marxist Vision (1955–1975)

Matthew Galway 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 2019 Cross-Currents Vol.0 No.31

This article traces the intellectual contributions of Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK) intellectual and founder Hou Yuon, whose influence on party policy has been the subject of scholarly debate. Although proposals in his political writings were implemented in CPK liberated zones and, later, Democratic Kampuchea (1975–1979), his outspoken nature led to his ejection from the CPK picture and from appraisals of Cambodian Communism. From his studies in France to his death in 1975, Hou Yuon’s importance as a Cambodian Marxist and Communist deserves our attention. Marxist theory provided him a critical interpretive paradigm and language with which to contextualize Cambodia’s stark rural-urban divide and larger issues of global capitalist exploitation in his writings, most notably in his 1955 doctoral dissertation. The goal of this article is to uncover the link between Hou Yuon’s application of Marxist theory to understand inequality and underdevelopment in his homeland and more broadly, to fill the gap between the Paris Group Cercle Marxiste and many of its members’ leap to “pure socialism” and “total equality” in founding Democratic Kampuchea.

Flirting with the “Modern girl”: Socialism and cosmopolitanism in packaging a model-laborer in China

Liu Yajuan,Galway Matt,Hoy Thomas 이화여자대학교 아시아여성학센터 2022 Asian Journal of Women's Studies(AJWS) Vol.28 No.3

Huang Baomei was not an average national model-laborer (laomo). The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) granted her this grand title to leverage her social status for promoting its goals of getting workers to work harder, produce more, and consume less. But Huang Baomei longed to look and act like a “modern girl” (modeng nülang), the well-dressed and well-groomed image which Shanghai women had aspired to over generations. She not only survived through political movements such as the Anti-Rightist Campaign, but also took advantage of the movement discourse to win the hearts of many. She faced tough opposition, but the CCP Shanghai Municipal Committee helped to elevate her popularity over more than a decade in Communist China. In examining her career, this paper shows how Huang introduced debates among CCP cadres and both reshaped and directed key concepts in CCP propaganda at local and national levels

Managing Sensor Data in Ambient Assisted Living

C. D. Nugent,L. Galway,L. Chen,M. P. Donnelly,S. I. McClean,S. Zhang,B. W. Scotney,G. Parr 한국정보과학회 2011 Journal of Computing Science and Engineering Vol.5 No.3

The use of technology within the home has gained wide spread acceptance as one possible approach to be used in addressing the challenges of an ageing society. A number of rudimentary assistive solutions are now being deployed in real settings but with the introduction of these technology-orientated services come a number of challenges, which to date are still largely unsolved. At a fundamental level, the management and processing of the large quantities of data generated from multiple sensors is recognised as one of the most significant challenges. This paper aims to present an overview of the types of sensor technologies used within Ambient Assisted Living. Subsequently, through presentation of a series of case studies, the paper will demonstrate how the practical integration of multiple sources of sensor data can be used to improve the overall concept and applications of Ambient Assisted Living.

Managing Sensor Data in Ambient Assisted Living

Nugent, C.D.,Galway, L.,Chen, L.,Donnelly, M.P.,Mcclean, S.I.,Zhang, S.,Scotney, B.W.,Parr, G. Korean Institute of Information Scientists and Eng 2011 Journal of Computing Science and Engineering Vol.5 No.3

The use of technology within the home has gained wide spread acceptance as one possible approach to be used in addressing the challenges of an ageing society. A number of rudimentary assistive solutions are now being deployed in real settings but with the introduction of these technology-orientated services come a number of challenges, which to date are still largely unsolved. At a fundamental level, the management and processing of the large quantities of data generated from multiple sensors is recognised as one of the most significant challenges. This paper aims to present an overview of the types of sensor technologies used within Ambient Assisted Living. Subsequently, through presentation of a series of case studies, the paper will demonstrate how the practical integration of multiple sources of sensor data can be used to improve the overall concept and applications of Ambient Assisted Living.

Cell Division in the Absence of Mitosis: The Unusual Case of the Fucoid Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis (Phaeophyceae)

Garbary, David J.,Lawson, Greg,Clement, Kelly,Galway, Moira E. The Korean Society of Phycology 2009 ALGAE Vol.24 No.4

Fluorescence and electron microscopy were used to examine epidermal shedding in the fucoid alga, Ascophyllum nodosum. Mature meristoderm cells are ca. 50-100 x 30-40 ${\mu}m$ and highly polarized, with a single nucleus and chloroplasts near the base of the cell. Nuclei in these cells undergo mitosis when they are dividing to form a new cortical cell towards the middle of the frond, or anticlinal divisions as part of frond elongation. However, cytokinesis also occurs regularly in these cells when a new periclinal wall is deposited at about 30% of the cell length from the apical end. The newly formed distal cells are anucleate and without chloroplasts. Following cytokinesis the tangential walls then break at the thinnest point. The whole process is synchronous in adjoining epidermal cells across large areas of the frond surface, and this layer dehisces from the thallus. This is the only known plant or algal system in which cytokinesis regularly occurs in the absence of mitosis. We consider this process a novel form of programmed cell death.

Cell Division in the Absence of Mitosis: The Unusual Case of the Fucoid Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis (Phaeophyceae)

David J. Garbary,Greg Lawson,Kelly Clement,Moira E. Galway 한국조류학회I 2009 ALGAE Vol.24 No.4

Fluorescence and electron microscopy were used to examine epidermal shedding in the fucoid alga, Ascophyllum nodosum. Mature meristoderm cells are ca. 50-100 x 30-40 μm and highly polarized, with a single nucleus and chloroplasts near the base of the cell. Nuclei in these cells undergo mitosis when they are dividing to form a new cortical cell towards the middle of the frond, or anticlinal divisions as part of frond elongation. However, cytokinesis also occurs regularly in these cells when a new periclinal wall is deposited at about 30% of the cell length from the apical end. The newly formed distal cells are anucleate and without chloroplasts. Following cytokinesis the tangential walls then break at the thinnest point. The whole process is synchronous in adjoining epidermal cells across large areas of the frond surface, and this layer dehisces from the thallus. This is the only known plant or algal system in which cytokinesis regularly occurs in the absence of mitosis. We consider this process a novel form of programmed cell death.