複制中國書畵文物的歷史和現狀及複制工藝技術

曹靜樓,郭文林 용인대학교 박물관 2003 丹豪文化硏究 Vol.- No.7

Imno(臨摹 copying) of the painting and writing in China is combined result of many closely-related elements that include Chinese cultural tradition and philosophy and substantial characteristics of Chinese paintings and calligraphy. ① Chinese rulers throughout history, under the so-called theory of 'Sungkyohuajoinlon' (成敎化助人論 to help people by educating them) often relied on paintings as a means to strengthen their governing foundation while using them to educate their subjects and people. For example, Hyojaeuisudo ≪孝子義士圖, a painting of devoted children and righteous people≫ meant the loyalty and obedience, Yulyujun ≪烈女傳, a story of virtuous women≫ was used to signify the importance of chastity in a feudal society. Paintings with such themes were met with the rulers ethics and, with the supports from the rulers, used as a means to publicize their ethics and educate their subjects and people. ② There were many rulers who were good at or loved the writing and painting in ancient China. Among many, Taizhong Li Shimin at Tang Dynasty(唐 太宗 李世民), Xianzhong Li Jiangji(玄宗 李降基), Huizhong Jo Ji at Song Dynasty (宋代 徽宗 趙佶), Xunzhong Zhu Jianshen at Ming Dynasty(明代 憲宗 朱見深), Gaozhong Hong Li at Qing Dynasty(靑代 高宗 弘力) are such examples. Development of painting and writing arts in China was achieved with the interests of rulers in them, and important eras that marked the history of Chinese painting and writing arts were created. Until the year of Huizhong(徽宗), the level of painting and writing was an important condition in deciding a governmental position. However, in ancient times, since there was a limited number of painting and writing works and lack of printing technology, emperors and high officials of literature had to be satisfied only with enjoying them and hoped to possess them. In the government, a special bureau was established to educate and raise the professionals who could duplicate the paintings and writings. This tendency influenced the society as a whole, and the atmosphere of reproduction of painting and writing works by duplication gradually culminated. ③ Chinese philosophy had also influenced their painting and writing arts. Chinese drawings pursue objectivity and has an expression style of Chuninhapil (天人合一, heaven and human beings are one). In Chinese drawings, artists describe the natural object and at the same time transfer their mind and feelings in them. Nature in the drawings is not just the nature as it is seen, but it is the nature observed and attained by artists and drawn from deep inside of artists. When people learn Chinese drawings for the first time, they are not taught how to describe the forms as in the western style but receive formative train in that people enter into the nature and sketch. This is the reason why artists, when copying the works in the past, are able to obtain the feelings of nature and learn various brush techniques that are applied in Chinese drawings. Therefore, copying is a significant method to learn Chinese drawings. For example, SunMyo(線描 line description) has a certain form, and a famous ShipPalMyo (十八描 18 descriptions) including ChulSunMyo(鐵線描), YuSaMyo (遊絲描), NanYupMyo (蘭葉描), YuYupMyo (柳葉描), JoEuiMyo (曹衣描) was created. Since these lines don't exist in natural objects, it is impossible to learn them through sketching. They can be learned only by copying the works in the past, in which they equates with various drawing styles that are applied when painting various objects. For example, JunBup(준法 technique to express the feel of the surface as it is) used for landscape drawings is helpful when expressing the touch and feelings of various rocks. For example, BuByukJun(斧劈준) or WooJumJun(雨點준) are good for expressing the characteristics of Chinese northern landscape, PiMaJun(披痲준) or MiJumJun(米點준) for Chinese southern landscape. This JunBup does not exist in natural objects such as mountain or rock, and artists can learn the right JunBup for various rocks through copying the works of the past. ④ Traditional thinking that stresses the relationship between a teacher and disciple in Chinese culture had also influenced Chinese painting and writing arts. When people beging to learn Chinese drawings, they must copy the works of their teacher. Therefore, when other people look at the drawings, they know who is with which teacher and which school. The drawings of certain artists are used as an educational purpose when students learn drawings for copying. For example, SaSaengJinBuDo ≪寫生珍禽圖≫ by Huang Jun (黃筌) in Song Dynasty was inherited to his son and learned as a work for copying. Each word in Immo(臨摹), according to the explanation in the ancient literature, has a separate meaning, Mo(摹 to copy) means Tap(榻 to copy), and Im(臨 to overlook) means Sa(寫 to write). Current meaning of Im(臨) is, while looking at the original drawing, to understand deeply and in details. When doing it, not only the techniques of brush, ink, and color but also the compositional characteristics should be thoroughly studied in order to completely familiarize with the form and line of the original drawing. And then, it has to be reproduced on another paper in one moment, and the copy does not have to be and can not be exactly the same as the original. Im(臨), based upon the complete understanding of the original, is to complete the copy with one energy without looking at the original. Mo(摹) is, while placing a thin paper right over the ancient drawing book, to copy both thick and thin lines, and Mo(摹)'s meaning in copying of a painting (摹畵) is the same. In ancient times, Mo(摹) was replaced with Mo(模 to imitate) or Mu(撫 to stroke). In other words, a transparent paper is placed over the original, the first copy is accurately made, the original is removed, drawing paper is placed over the first copy, and drawing is done in details while referring the original. Two words, Im(臨) and Mo(摹), originally impose a separate meaning and cant be one word, but they are habitually used as one word. Mo(摹) used in current China cant be Im (臨) but has to be called as Motap (摹榻). Especially, copying and counterfeiting are fundamentally different and can't be used as same meaning. The purpose of copying is a complete reproduction of energy and form of the original, and it is to conserve and actively publicize the original. The purpose of counterfeiting is to gain profits while falsely stating someone else's name as his or her own, and it includes the meaning of damaging the original. They also have difference in using the technique. The work of copying is faithful to the original and completely reproduce the smallest detail. People producing the copies must perfectly understand the spirit and form of the original, and successful copies should contain both the form and spirit. Rather, counterfeit is not based on the original but freely drawn upon studying a certain brush style of ones own. As a result, artists of counterfeit who are very well aware of the brush style used by the original artist are famous artists and might be the person who lives the same period with or the disciple of the original artist. Paintings produced for the purpose of counterfeiting possibly be the fraud and trouble to judge the authenticity of the work in a later period. Copying project of painting and writing at the Palace Museum is to replace the original work with the copied one by the time of difficulty in exhibiting the original, which is the best way to conserve the original. Copying of ancient paintings and calligraphy does not only mean the line description, outlining, coloring), or usage of ink. It is a very difficult process of re-creation that requires sincerity and efforts. Since the Palace Museum has started the copying project in 1950s, top artists are putting their efforts to copy and duplicate highly-valuable cultural artifacts. They have copied famous drawings of Qin, Tang, Song and Yuan dynasty with strict working attitude and exquisite techniques. Famous Chungmyungsanghudo≪淸明上河圖≫, Hanheejaeyayeondo ≪韓熙載夜宴圖≫, Guasukpyungwondo≪과石平遠圖≫ by Kwak Hee(郭熙), and Chunggeumdo ≪聽琴圖≫ by Jo Gil (趙佶) are such examples. Not many professionals are working for the copies in China. There were few in the Shanghai(上海) and Nanjing(南京) Museum during 1980s, but they are no longer there with various reasons. In Dunhuang(敦煌) and Xian (西安), frescoes are mainly being replicated. The quality of professionals who work to copy at the Palace Museum are the best in its technique and size and cannot be compared to other museums. Copying one painting successfully requires a lot of preparations. When producing the copies, it takes from few days to several years. Thus, safety of the original should be guaranteed, and there should not be done even a small damage. But observing the original should be convenient, and copying process should be progressed with many attentions.

중국 영유아용품 모바일 쇼핑몰 상세페이지에 대한 감성이미지 평가와 선호도 연구

궈징징 ( Guo Jing-jing ),권기제 ( Kwon Ki-je ) 커뮤니케이션디자인학회(구 시각디자인학회) 2019 커뮤니케이션 디자인학연구 Vol.66 No.-

본 연구는 영유아용품 모바일 쇼핑몰의 상세페이지를 대상으로 감성이미지평가와 선호도 분석을 통하여 쇼핑몰 상세페이지 디자인에 대한 감성이미지 반영요소의 중요성 및 디자인 적용가이드를 제안하는데 있다. 중국의 모바일 쇼핑몰 시장 현황을 살펴보고, 상세페이지 디자인과 감성이미지 적용에 대한 선행연구를 실시하였다. 영유아용품 상세페이지 디자인에 대한 감성이미지와 선호도를 파악하기 위해 영유아를 육아 중인 중국 거주 남여 40명을 대상으로, 영유아용품 모바일 쇼핑몰 상세페이지에 대한 감성이미지를 측정 평가하였다. 영유아용품 중 소비가 많은 기저귀 제품의 상세페이지에 대한 감성이미지와 관련된 감성어휘 10쌍을 추출하였으며, 감성형용사를 사용하여 5단계 의미분별척도법으로 측정하였다. 요인축소를 통한 대표 감성이미지를 추출하기 위하여 요인분석을 시행하였다. 이를 통해 대표적 감성이미지와 소비자가 선호하는 상세페이지 디자인 스타일을 도출하여 디자인 콘셉트 및 상세페이지 디자인 진행 프로세스를 제안하였다. This study analyzes the emotional image and preference of the detailed pages of the mobile shopping mall's infant products. The research conducted a preliminary study on the detailed page, the emotional image and the trade information of the mobile shopping mall in China. It measures the emotional image of the mobile shopping mall for infants product detailed page by targeting 40 male and female students who are related to the visual design college students and parents. For the purpose of the assessment, by using 10 pairs of objectives related to the emotional image of the diaper detailed page and the Semantics Differential Method to analyze the emotional evaluation. A factorial analysis was performed to extract the key objectives through reduction of factors. Finally, the design concept was submitted with a summary of the characteristic of the consumer's preferred detailed page design and the core objectives.

Inhibition of Fatty Acid Synthesis Reduces Blastocyst Hatching through Regulation of the AKT Pathway in Pigs

Jing Guo,Nam-Hyung Kim,Xiang-Shun Cui 한국수정란이식학회 2016 한국수정란이식학회 학술대회 Vol.2016 No.10

Fatty acid synthesis (FASN) is an enzyme responsible for the de novo synthesis of long-chain fatty acids. During oncogenesis, FASN plays a role in growth and survival rather than acting within the energy storage pathways. Here, the function of FASN during early embryonic development was studied using its specific inhibitor C75. We found that the presence of the inhibitor reduced blastocyst hatching. FASN inhibition decreased Cpt1 expression, leading to a reduction in mitochondrial copy numbers and ATP content. This inhibition of FASN results in the down-regulation of the AKT pathway, thereby triggering apoptosis through the activation of the p53 pathway. Activation of the apoptotic pathways also leads to increased accumulation reactive oxygen species and autophagy. In addition, the FASN inhibitor can impair cell proliferation, a parameter of blastocyst quality for outgrowth. The level of OCT4, an important factor in embryonic development, decreased after treatment with the FASN inhibitor. These results show that FASN exerts an effect on the early embryonic development by regulation of both fatty acid oxidation and the AKT pathway in pigs.

Wear Resistance of the La62Cu12Ni12Al14 Bulk Metallic Glass Under Dry Friction Conditions

Guo, Jing,Joo, Soo-Hyun,Pi, Dong-Hai,Zhang, Xiaohui,Zhang, Xiaorong,Abdelaal, Mohamed,Song, Yuepeng,Kim, Hyoung Seop Springer-Verlag 2017 Tribology letters Vol.65 No.2

Inhibition of Fatty Acid Synthesis Reduces Blastocyst Hatching through Regulation of the AKT Pathway in Pigs

Jing Guo,Nam-Hyung Kim,Xiang-Shun Cui 한국동물생명공학회(구 한국동물번식학회) 2016 발생공학 국제심포지엄 및 학술대회 Vol.2016 No.10

An Empirical Analysis of Sino-Russia Foreign Trade Turnover Time Series: Based on EMD-LSTM Model

GUO, Jian,WU, Kai Kun,YE, Lyu,CHENG, Shi Chao,LIU, Wen Jing,YANG, Jing Ying Korea Distribution Science Association 2022 The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Busine Vol.9 No.10

The time series of foreign trade turnover is complex and variable and contains linear and nonlinear information. This paper proposes preprocessing the dataset by the EMD algorithm and combining the linear prediction advantage of the SARIMA model with the nonlinear prediction advantage of the EMD-LSTM model to construct the SARIMA-EMD-LSTM hybrid model by the weight assignment method. The forecast performance of the single models is compared with that of the hybrid models by using MAPE and RMSE metrics. Furthermore, it is confirmed that the weight assignment approach can benefit from the hybrid models. The results show that the SARIMA model can capture the fluctuation pattern of the time series, but it cannot effectively predict the sudden drop in foreign trade turnover caused by special reasons and has the lowest accuracy in long-term forecasting. The EMD-LSTM model successfully resolves the hysteresis phenomenon and has the highest forecast accuracy of all models, with a MAPE of 7.4304%. Therefore, it can be effectively used to forecast the Sino-Russia foreign trade turnover time series post-epidemic. Hybrid models cannot take advantage of SARIMA linear and LSTM nonlinear forecasting, so weight assignment is not the best method to construct hybrid models.

Performance analysis of SWIPT-assisted adaptive NOMA/OMA system with hardware impairments and imperfect CSI

Jing Guo,Jin Lu,Xianghui Wang,Lili Zhou 한국전자통신연구원 2023 ETRI Journal Vol.45 No.2

This paper investigates the effect of hardware impairments (HIs) and imperfect channel state information (ICSI) on a SWIPT-assisted adaptive nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA)/orthogonal multiple access (OMA) system over independent and nonidentical Rayleigh fading channels. In the NOMA mode, the energy-constrained near users act as a relay to improve the performance for the far users. The OMA transmission mode is adopted to avoid a complete outage when NOMA is infeasible. The best user selection scheme is considered to maximize the energy harvested and avoid error propagation. To characterize the performance of the proposed systems, closed-form and asymptotic expressions of the outage probability for both near and far users are studied. Moreover, exact and approximate expressions of the ergodic rate for near and far users are investigated. Simulation results are provided to verify our theoretical analysis and confirm the superiority of the proposed NOMA/OMA scheme in comparison with the conventional NOMA and OMA protocol with/without HIs and ICSI.

Preparation and immobilization of zinc sulfide (ZnS) nanoparticles on polyvinylidene fluoride pellets for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue in wastewater

Guo, Jing,Khan, Sovann,Cho, So-Hye,Kim, Jeonghwan Elsevier 2019 APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE - Vol.473 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>ZnS nanoparticles with 90 nm diameter were synthesized by low-temperature method and immobilized onto the surface of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) pellets prepared by phase inversion method. Results by FTIR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that the ZnS nanoparticles were immobilized tightly on the PVDF surface without their release and losing photocatalytic activity. The UV-absorption spectra showed that the PVDF matrix had no adverse effect on the optical properties of ZnS nanoparticles. Due to large size (5 mm) and excellent mechanical stability, the PVDF-ZnS pellets could be easily dispersed in the photocatalytic reactor treating methylene blue solution. The removal efficiency of the methylene blue with the PVDF-ZnS pellets was higher (more than 95%) than that observed by the control PVDF pellets or ZnS nanoparticles tested. No change in the removal efficiency was observed as the PVDF-ZnS pellets were reused by performing photocatalytic tests at the same experimental conditions repeatedly.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> ZnS nanoparticles were synthesized by low-temperature precipitation method. </LI> <LI> ZnS nanoparticles were deposited on PVDF pellets by phase inversion method. </LI> <LI> PVDF-ZnS pellets showed high photocatalytic activity for removal of organic dye. </LI> <LI> PVDF-ZnS pellets were dispersed easily in photocatalytic reactor treating organic dye. </LI> <LI> PVDF-ZnS pellets had a mechanical strength without losing ZnS nanoparticles. </LI> </UL> </P>

Urban Fringe Land Use Problem And Solution In Kaifeng City

GUO Jing,LU Hongyan,JING Fang 대한지리학회 2008 대한지리학회 컨퍼런스 자료집 Vol.2 No.-

Knockout of Fatty Acid Synthase induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Porcine Early Embryos

Jing Guo,Ying-Jie Niu,Kyung-Tae Shin,Nam-Hyung Kim,Xiang-Shun Cui 한국동물생명공학회(구 한국동물번식학회) 2017 Reproductive & Developmental Biology(Supplement) Vol.41 No.2

Fatty acid synthase (FASN) is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of long chain fatty acid. During development, FASN plays a role in growth rather than the energy storage pathways. In this study, we hypothesis that knockout of FASN may affect the early embryonic development through induction of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The function of FASN was studied using the Crispr/Cas9 technology. We found that FASN knockout induced ER stress by generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), further resulted in the activation of adaptive unfolded protein response (UPR), caused the splicing of XBP1. In addition, FASN knockout increased ATF4 and CHOP expression, influenced phosphorylation of PERK. At last, Ca2+ was released from the ER and then taken up by the mitochondrial and influenced mitochondrial function, initiated apoptosis. These results demonstrated that FASN knockout induced generation of ROS, which mediated the activation of UPR via the ER and subsequent apoptosis in porcine early embryos.