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New PTC and NTC Thick Film Materials for Gigahertz Range Temperature Variable Attenuators
Feingold, A. H.,Amstutz, P.,Wahlers, R. L.,Huang, C.,Stein, S. J.,Mazzochette, J. 한국마이크로전자및패키징학회 1998 International Symposium on Microelectronics and Pa Vol.1 No.1
Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) and positive temperature coefficient (PTC) thick film thermistor pastes were developed. Using these materials, cost effective Temperature Variable Attenuators (TVA) for use up to 18 GHz are described. these devices maintain the signal level in amplifiers, switches, delay lines, and other microwave and RF signal processing devices. By combining (NTC) and (PTC) thermistors in $quot;T$quot; and $quot;II$quot; configurations, the attenuation changes to compensate for temperature induced signal level changes. Judicious choice of resistance and TCR yields constant impedance over the operating range thus avoiding unwanted signal reflections. While the temperature sensitivity of NTC and PTC clip thermistors is large, their use in TVAs requires a large and expensive inventory to provide the required resistance and TCR values. Thick film thermistor systems were developed to overcome these limitations. These include an NTC materials series with TCR values as high as -500,000 ppm/℃ and resistance range coverage from 100 Ω/sq, to 1M Ω/sq. The complimentary PTC system features linear TCR values of 3000 ppm/℃ and greater with resistance values of 5 to 5000Ω/sq. Process variables for these new thick film thermistor materials are discussed. Attenuation and frequency curves are presented. Impedance match, as characterized by Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) versus frequency curves are presented. Current applications include Thermopad^ⓡ type TVA's with improved high frequency performance appropriate for mobile communications and similar uses.
Man, Mona,Hupe, Melanie,Mackenzie, Donald,Kim, Hyunjung,Oda, Yuko,Crumrine, Debra,Lee, Seung Hun,Martin‐,Ezquerra, Gemma,Trullas, Carles,Mauro, Theodora M.,Feingold, Kenneth R.,Elias, Peter M.,M Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2011 Experimental dermatology Vol.20 No.3
<P><B>Abstract: </B> Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) has been shown to have beneficial effects for both skin disorders with barrier abnormality and as skin care ingredients. Yet, how CHM exerts their benefits is unclear. As most, if not all, inflammatory dermatoses are accompanied by abnormal permeability barrier function, we assessed the effects of topical CHM extracts on epidermal permeability barrier function and their potential mechanisms. Topical CHM accelerated barrier recovery following acute barrier disruption. Epidermal lipid content and mRNA expression of fatty acid and ceramide synthetic enzymes increased following topical CHM treatment in addition to mRNA levels for the epidermal glucosylceramide transport protein, ATP‐binding cassette A12. Likewise, CHM extract increased mRNA expression of antimicrobial peptides both <I>in vivo</I> and <I>in vitro</I>. These results demonstrate that the topical CHM extract enhances epidermal permeability barrier function, suggesting that topical CHM could provide an alternative regimen for the prevention/treatment of inflammatory dermatoses accompanied by barrier abnormalities.</P>