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Tsai, C.F.,Lin, L.J.,Wang, C.H.,Tsai, C.S.,Chang, S.C.,Lee, T.T. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2022 Animal Bioscience Vol.35 No.12
Objective: A series of experiment were conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing a part of soybean meal (SBM) at 6% of broiler diets with fermented soybean meal (FSBM) obtained by single or two-stage fermentation by measuring growth performance, antioxidant activity in the jejunum and distal intestinal microflora. Methods: Soybean meal samples were prepared by single-stage fermentation using Bacillus velezensis (Bv) (FSBM<sub>B</sub>), or Lactobacillus spp. (as commercial control) (FSBM<sub>L</sub>). Additional SBM sample was prepared by two-stage fermentation using Bv and subsequently using Lactobacillus brevis ATCC 367 (Lb) (FSBM<sub>B+L</sub>). Enzyme activity, chemical composition, trichloroethanoic acid-nitrogen solubility index (TCA-NSI) and antioxidant activity were measured. Then, in an in vivo study, 320 Ross308 broilers were divided into four groups with ad libitum supply of feed and water. Four groups were fed either a corn-soybean meal diet (SBM), or one of fermented SBM diets (FSBM<sub>B+L</sub>, FSBM<sub>B</sub>, and FSBM<sub>L</sub>). Growth, serum characteristics, microflora, and the mRNA expression of selected genes were measured. Results: Compared to SBM, FSBM<sub>B+L</sub> contained lower galacto-oligosaccharide, allergic protein, and trypsin inhibitor, and higher TCA-NSI by about three times (p<0.05). Reducing power and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging ability correlated positively with the TCA-NSI content in FSBM. Growth performances were not significantly different among four groups. In jejunum of 35-day-old broilers, partial replacement of SBM by FSBM<sub>B+L</sub> increased the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase (CAT), and the FSBM<sub>B</sub> group had the highest catalase activity (p<0.05). Partial replacement of SBM by FSBM increased relative mRNA expressions of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) (p<0.05); however, FSBM<sub>B+L</sub> increased CAT mRNA level to 5 times of the control (p<0.05). Conclusion: Using Bv- and Lb-processed SBM through two-stage fermentation to partially replace 6% of diets will improve the gut's antioxidant activity under commercial breeding in broilers.
Halofuginone and other febrifugine derivatives inhibit prolyl-tRNA synthetase
Keller, Tracy L,Zocco, Davide,Sundrud, Mark S,Hendrick, Margaret,Edenius, Maja,Yum, Jinah,Kim, Yeon-Jin,Lee, Hak-Kyo,Cortese, Joseph F,Wirth, Dyann F,Dignam, John David,Rao, Anjana,Yeo, Chang-Yeol,Maz Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan P 2012 Nature chemical biology Vol.8 No.3
Febrifugine, the bioactive constituent of one of the 50 fundamental herbs of traditional Chinese medicine, has been characterized for its therapeutic activity, though its molecular target has remained unknown. Febrifugine derivatives have been used to treat malaria, cancer, fibrosis and inflammatory disease. We recently demonstrated that halofuginone (HF), a widely studied derivative of febrifugine, inhibits the development of T<SUB>H</SUB>17-driven autoimmunity in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis by activating the amino acid response (AAR) pathway. Here we show that HF binds glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase (EPRS), inhibiting prolyl-tRNA synthetase activity; this inhibition is reversed by the addition of exogenous proline or EPRS. We further show that inhibition of EPRS underlies the broad bioactivities of this family of natural product derivatives. This work both explains the molecular mechanism of a promising family of therapeutics and highlights the AAR pathway as an important drug target for promoting inflammatory resolution.
Why hybrid porous solids capture greenhouse gases?
Fé,rey, Gé,rard,Serre, Christian,Devic, Thomas,Maurin, Guillaume,Jobic, Hervé,Llewellyn, Philip L.,De Weireld, Guy,Vimont, Alexandre,Daturi, Marco,Chang, Jong-San Royal Society of Chemistry 2011 Chemical Society reviews Vol.40 No.2
<P>Hybrid porous solids, with their tunable structures, their multifunctional properties and their numerous applications, are currently topical, particularly in the domain of adsorption and storage of greenhouse gases. Most of the data reported so far concern the performances of these solids in this domain, particularly in terms of adsorbed amounts of gas but do not explain at the atomic level why and how adsorption and storage occur. From a combination of structural, spectroscopic, thermodynamic experiments and of molecular simulations, this <I>tutorial review</I> proposes answers to these open questions with a special emphasis on CO<SUB>2</SUB> and CH<SUB>4</SUB> storage by some rigid and flexible hybrid porous materials.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>Why and how hybrid porous solids capture gases: exploration combining appropriate <I>in situ</I> measurements and molecular simulations. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c0cs00040j'> </P>
Lien, T.F.,Chang, L.B.,Horng, Y.M.,Wu, Chean-Ping Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2010 Animal Bioscience Vol.23 No.3
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of an oral drench of propylene glycol (PG) on milk production, serum metabolites and reproductive performance during the transition period of animals. Twenty-four 2-3 multiparous Holstein cows (average body weight 565 kg, body condition score about 3.6, at the $9^{th}$ month of gestation) were selected, blocked, and then randomly assigned into a PG and a control group. The control and the PG group cows were orally drenched with water or 50 ml sugarcane molasses mixed with 500 ml PG from 7 days pre-partum to 30 days post-partum, respectively. Experimental results indicated that the oral drench PG had no effect on dry matter intake (DMI). The milk yield of the PG group was significantly higher than that of the control group (p<0.05), whereas milk fat content, milk protein and somatic cell counts (SCC) were not significantly different between groups. Concentration of plasma glucose in the PG group was significantly higher than that of the control group (p<0.05). Conversely, the concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in the PG group were lower than those of the control group (p<0.05). Concentrations of insulin and ketone bodies were not significantly difference between groups. Body condition score (BCS) in the PG group was significantly higher than that of the control group (p<0.05). In reproductive performance there was no difference between groups. The experimental results indicate that supplementation of PG during the transition period of dairy cows can supply energy rapidly, resulting in reduced catabolism of body tissue and increased milk yield.
Tsai, H.L.,Chang, Sam K.C.,Lin, Y.F.,Chang, S.J. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2008 Animal Bioscience Vol.21 No.2
Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the laying stage which is a critical period for chick survival. We investigated the relationship of neonatal chick performance, brain antioxidant status and vitamin E supplementation level in hens. Starting at 17 weeks, hens were randomly divided into five groups. The control group received a basal diet without supplemental vitamin E (VE, dl-${\alpha}$-tocopherol acetate). Other groups received the same basal diet supplemented with vitamin E (40, 80, 120 and 160 mg/kg) through growth to egg production. Hens were artificially inseminated at 28 weeks of age and egg yolks were collected at day two. All remaining eggs were hatched. Yolk vitamin E content, hatchability and fertility of eggs were evaluated. Brains of the newly hatched chicks were further evaluated for their oxidative stress status, antioxidative status and vitamin E levels. Increased reproductive performance was observed in fertility and hatchability in the group supplemented at 40 mg/kg. Egg yolk and neonatal brain ${\alpha}$-tocopherol was highest in eggs from hens fed 120 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg supplemental vitamin E, respectively. Brain MDA, ROS and iron levels were significantly higher in unsupplemented hens (p<0.01). SOD activity was significantly higher in the group supplemented at 160 mg/kg than in all other groups. We concluded that maternal supplementation of vitamin E had beneficial effects on fertility, hatchability of eggs, neonatal brain oxidative status and SOD activity.
Bazylewski, Paul F.,Kim, Kyung Hwan,Forrest, Jay L.,Tada, Hirokazu,Choi, Dong Hoon,Chang, Gap Soo Elsevier 2011 Chemical physics letters Vol.508 No.1
<P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P><P><ce:figure id='f0025'></ce:figure></P><P><B>Highlights</B></P><P>► Verification of energy symmetry breaking of C<SUB>60</SUB> π-orbitals due to side chain. ► Angle-dependent π<SUP>∗</SUP> feature revealing asymmetrical orbital distribution of PCBM. ► The presence of partially lifted LUMO degeneracy around the attachment point. ► Ordered molecular stacking structures determined from X-ray polarization dependence.</P> <P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>The electronic structure and molecular stacking arrangement of [6,6]-phenyl-C<SUB>61</SUB>-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) was studied using a combination of near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure measurements and density functional theory calculations. Measurements show that the side chain lifts the energy degeneracy of the C60 molecular orbitals around the chain attachment. This breaks the orbital symmetry of the LUMO of the C60 backbone which is observed through polarization dependence of C 1s→π<SUP>∗</SUP> transitions. This dependence is analyzed to determine the bulk crystal structure of PCBM. X-ray emission and absorption measurements indicate the band gap energy of PCBM to be 1.87eV.</P>
Synthesis and Linear Viscoelasticity of Polystyrene Stars with a Polyketone Core
Polgar, L. M.,Lentzakis, H.,Collias, D.,Snijkers, F.,Lee, S.,Chang, T.,Sakellariou, G.,Wever, D. A. Z.,Toncelli, C.,Broekhuis, A. A.,Picchioni, F.,Gotsis, A. D.,Vlassopoulos, D. American Chemical Society 2015 Macromolecules Vol.48 No.18
<P>We report on a novel synthetic route to synthesize relatively large quantities of polystyrene (PS) star polymers with targeted arm functionality and molar mass and their rheological properties in the molten state. The synthetic route involves grafting styrene monomers onto a modified (aliphatic, alternating) polyketone backbone with a specific number of initiating grafting sites using controlled atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Several polyketone precursors were used. This resulted in a large array of star polystyrenes with nonspherical cores and varying average arm length and number of arms. Their linear viscoelasticity was investigated and discussed in the context of the known response of anionically synthesized stars. Using a powerful characterization toolbox, including state-of-the-art interaction chromatography, rheometry, and tube modeling via the branch-on-branch (BoB) algorithm, we have assessed the viscoelasticity of these star polymers quantitatively. In particular, we have demonstrated a variability in molecular structure, which differs substantially from their anionically synthesized counterparts. Hence, whereas this new family of star polymers is not recommended for fundamental studies of polymer physics such as the molecular origin of relaxation mechanisms without prior extensive fractionation, they could be used in studies of mixtures as well as industrially relevant processing operations that require large amounts of polymeric stars.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/mamobx/2015/mamobx.2015.48.issue-18/acs.macromol.5b01434/production/images/medium/ma-2015-01434h_0012.gif'></P>