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Epidemiological Characteristics of Mobile Phone Ownership and Use in Korean Children and Adolescents
Byun, Yoon-Hwan,Ha, Mina,Kwon, Ho-Jang,Choi, Kyung-Hwa,Burm, Eunae,Choi, Yeyong,Lim, Myung-Ho,Yoo, Seung-Jin,Paik, Ki-Chung,Choi, Hyung-Do,Kim, Nam The Korean Society of Environmental Toxicology 2013 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.28 No.-
Objectives As public concern on possible harmful effects of mobile phone in children has been raised, information of epidemiological characteristics of mobile phone use in children and adolescents will be essential for public health policy. Methods Using three databases (n=21,693) collected from 2008 to 2011, we examined characteristics of mobile phone ownership and use, and socioeconomic positions (SEP) in Korean children and adolescents. Results The ownership rate and the amount of mobile phone use were higher in females than males, in higher school grades than lower grades, and at 2011 than 2008. The average age of first mobile phone ownership was shown to decrease from 12.5 years in currently high school students to 8.4 years in currently elementary school students at 2011. More than 90% of children in the 5th grade owned a mobile phone. More children owned a mobile phone in lower SEP communities than in higher SEP. Children with parents educated less than those with parents educated more were more likely to own and use mobile phone. Conclusions Considering the epidemiological characteristics of mobile phone use, precautionary measures to prevent unnecessary exposure to mobile phones are needed in children and adolescents.
Epidemiological Characteristics of Mobile Phone Ownership and Use in Korean Children and Adolescents
Yoon-Hwan Byun,Mina Ha,Ho-Jang Kwon,Kyung-Hwa Choi,Eunae Burm,Yeyong Choi,Myung-Ho Lim,Seung-Jin Yoo,Ki-Chung Paik,Hyung-Do Choi,Nam Kim 환경독성보건학회 2013 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.28 No.-
Objectives As public concern on possible harmful effects of mobile phone in children has been raised, information of epidemiological characteristics of mobile phone use in children and adolescents will be essential for public health policy. Methods Using three databases (n=21,693) collected from 2008 to 2011, we examined characteristics of mobile phone ownership and use, and socioeconomic positions (SEP) in Korean children and adolescents. Results The ownership rate and the amount of mobile phone use were higher in females than males, in higher school grades than lower grades, and at 2011 than 2008. The average age of first mobile phone ownership was shown to decrease from 12.5 years in currently high school students to 8.4 years in currently elementary school students at 2011. More than 90% of children in the 5th grade owned a mobile phone. More children owned a mobile phone in lower SEP communities than in higher SEP. Children with parents educated less than those with parents educated more were more likely to own and use mobile phone. Conclusions Considering the epidemiological characteristics of mobile phone use, precautionary measures to prevent unnecessary exposure to mobile phones are needed in children and adolescents.
Choi, Wungrak,Byun, Yu Jeong,Jung, Eunae,Noh, Hyemi,Hajrasouliha, Amir R.,Sadrai, Zahra,Chang, Eunju,Lee, Joon H.,Lee, Hyung Keun Federation of American Societies for Experimental 2015 Journal of Leukocyte Biology Vol.97 No.2
<P>Epithelial D6 expression levels inversely correlate with corneal allograft rejection and generating D6 mimicking peptide, and decoy the inflammatory chemokines to facilitate graft survival.</P><P>Although corneal allotransplantation is performed in the immune-privileged cornea, many grafts are still rejected after transplantation. This study examined the role of chemokine receptor D6 expression in a corneal allograft rejection, investigated the modulation of D6 expression in cells, and determined the effect of D6 on graft survival. Interestingly, D6 was highly expressed in CD45<B><SUP>−</SUP></B> cells and the corneal epithelium of accepted corneal allografts. From the mouse corneal allograft model, TGF-<I>β</I> was found to play a key role in D6 up-regulation, leading to reduced CCL2, CCL5, and CCL3. To modulate D6 chemokine binding, a D6MT was developed and showed effective chemokine trapping through SPR and FACS assays. By treating corneal allografts with D6MT, the allograft survival rate was improved, and (lymph) angiogenesis was reduced. Direct allosensitization and DC LN homing was drastically reduced in the mouse corneal allograft model. These findings suggest that TGF-<I>β</I> is a positive regulator of D6 expression, and it is a potential therapeutic target to enhance the survival of corneal allografts.</P>