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Sevidzem Silas Lendzele,Albert Eisenbarth,Zinga Koumba Roland Christophe,Jacques François Mavoungou,Alfons Renz 한국응용곤충학회 2019 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.22 No.4
A cattle exposure trial was carried out in an experimental cattle farm located in Galim near Ngaoundere. Observations were made from October–November 2016 and January 2017. Exposure commenced in the morning (8 h) and ended in the night (20h). The observed number of the different boophilic insect-groups was: Stomoxys (17,453), culicids (8925), Simulium (293), Chrysops (74) and Tabanus (34). Stomoxys (921.35) recorded the highest overall observed daily landing rate (ODLR) during the first survey-round (October–November 2016) and 740.85 during the second survey-round (January 2017) as compared to other hematophagous insect-groups observed. The preferred landing spots for most of the hematophagous insects were legs and belly regions, but Tabanus were also frequent around the head region. Brown colored cattle attracted Simulium, Chrysops, culicids and Stomoxys, but black animals were preferably attacked by tabanids. Cattle were mostly attacked in the overnight parks though there was no statistically significant difference (P˃0.05). Two observed daily landing peaks (8 h–10 h and 16 h–18 h) were noticed for all biting fly-groups and was influenced by weather variables. The most frequent physical defense actions against landing flies by cattle was tail flicking. Such actions differed with survey-period, micro-ecosystems and color coat of cattle. Diurnal physical defense mechanism rhythms of cattle showed that head shaking was mostly used between 10 h–12 h and 16 h–18 h, but tail flicking and foot stamping only occurred between 13 h–15 h. There was a strong positive and significant correlation (r = 0.243, P < .001) in defense reactions and fly counts.
Hypersensitive site 6 of the Th2 locus control region is essential for Th2 cytokine expression
Williams, Adam,Lee, Gap Ryol,Spilianakis, Charalampos G.,Hwang, Soo Seok,Eisenbarth, Stephanie C.,Flavell, Richard A. National Academy of Sciences 2013 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.110 No.17
<P>The T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine genes <I>Il4</I>, <I>Il5</I>, and <I>Il13</I> are contained within a 140-kb region of mouse chromosome 11 and their expression is controlled by a locus control region (LCR) embedded within this locus. The LCR is composed of a number of DNase I–hypersensitive sites (HSs), which are believed to encompass the regulatory core of the LCR. To determine the function of these sites, mutant mice were generated in which combinations of these HSs had been deleted from the endogenous LCR, and the effect on Th2 cytokine expression was assessed through the use of in vivo and in vitro models. These experiments revealed that, although all of the hypersensitive sites analyzed are important for appropriate LCR function, some sites are more important than others in regulating cytokine expression. Interestingly, each LCR mutation showed contrasting effects on cytokine expression, in some cases with mutants displaying opposing phenotypes between in vitro cultures and in vivo immunizations. These studies indicated that Rad50 hypersensitive site 6 was the singularly most important HS for Th2 cytokine expression, displaying consistent reductions in cytokine levels in all models tested. Furthermore analysis of chromatin modifications revealed that deletion of Rad50 hypersensitive site 6 impacted epigenetic modifications at the promoters of the <I>Il4</I>, <I>Il5</I>, and <I>Il13</I> genes as well as other regulatory sites within the Th2 locus.</P>