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Baicalein and wogonin inhibit collagen deposition in SHR and WKY cardiac fibroblast cultures
( Ebenezer KC Kong ),( Yu Huang ),( John E Sanderson ),( Kar Bik Chan ),( Shan Yu ),( Cheuk Man Yu ) 생화학분자생물학회 2010 BMB Reports Vol.43 No.4
In order to demonstrate the potential therapeutic effect of two flavonoids, Baicalein and Wogonin, on suppression of pathological myocardial fibrosis in hypertension, we investigated their in vitro effects on collagen expression in primary cultured cardiac fibroblasts isolated from neonatal normotensive (WKY) and hypertensive (SHR) rats. Our results showed that over-expression of collagen mRNA and protein induced in cardiac fibroblasts by angiotensin (AngII) could be attenuated significantly by both flavonoids at an optimal dosage (30 μM; P < 0.01). Results of immunoblots showed that expression of 12-LO level, p-ERK/ ERK ratio and MMP-9 in AngII-stimulated SHR cardiac fibroblasts were significantly down-regulated by both flavonoids. Our results show that both Baicalein and Wogonin can suppress collagen deposition in AngII-stimulated SHR and WKY cardiac fibroblasts. [BMB reports 2010; 43(4): 297-303]
Ebenezer, Vinitha,Ki, Jang-Seu The Korean Society of Phycology 2014 ALGAE Vol.29 No.4
The biocide sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is widely used for controlling algal growth, and this application can be extended to marine environments as well. This study evaluates the biocidal efficiency and cellular toxicity of NaOCl on the harmful dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides, with emphasis on pigment production and antioxidant enzyme activity. The test organism showed dose-dependent decrease in growth rate on exposure to NaOCl, and the 72 h $EC_{50}$ was measured to be $0.584mg\;L^{-1}$. NaOCl significantly decreased pigment levels and chlorophyll autofluorescence intensity, indicating possible detrimental effects on the photosystem of C. polykrikoides. Moreover, it significantly increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, suggesting the production of reactive oxygen species in the cells. These data indicate that NaOCl exerted deleterious effects on the photosynthetic machinery and induced oxidative damage in the dinoflagellate and this biocide could be effectively used for the control of algal blooms.
Ebenezer, Vinitha,Ki, Jang-Seu The Korean Society of Phycology 2012 ALGAE Vol.27 No.1
Algae are sensitive to a wide range of pollutants, and are effective bioindicators in ecotoxicity assessments. Here, we evaluated the sub-lethal sensitivity of the marine dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides upon exposure to copper (Cu), lead (Pb), bisphenol A (BPA), and Aroclor 1016 (polychlorinated biphenyl, PCB). Toxic effects were assessed by observations of the reduction in cell counts and chlorophyll a levels after exposure to each toxicant. C. polykrikoides displayed dose-dependent, sigmoidal responses when exposed to the tested chemicals. $EC_{50}$-72 h values for Cu, Pb, BPA, and PCB were 12.74, 46.70, 68.15, and $1.07mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. PCB, which is an endocrine-disrupting chemical, was the most sensitive, proving its toxic effect on the dinoflagellate. This study provides baseline data on the toxic effects of commonly used heavy metals and endocrine-disrupting chemicals to a marine dinoflagellate.
Ebenezer Yemi Ogunbadewa 한국산림과학회 2012 Forest Science And Technology Vol.8 No.3
This paper explores the changes in the phenological trends of vegetation through measurement of biophysical properties of leaf area index/plant area index (LAI/PAI) over time in two contrasting vegetation canopies of broadleaf woodland and coniferous forests in the northwest of England for a period of 13 months in the year 2005/06. These biophysical variables were measured at 2 m intervals along 60 m cross-transects at both study sites and a validation site was chosen to test the impact of cloud cover on the measurements. Measurement errors were determined at the three sites and these data were used to ensure the reliability of the biophysical measurements throughout the study period. The results show that the SunScan canopy analyzer actually measures plant area index (PAI) but ‘‘effective’’ leaf area index (LAI) can be estimated for broadleaf canopy by subtracting measurement when there are no leaves from the other measurements when there are leaves. The seasonal variations of biophysical estimates derived can describe the phenological trends of LAI in a broadleaf canopy, but the results of ‘‘effective’’PAI in both broadleaf and coniferous canopies were subject to larger measurement errors due to the inability of the SunScan canopy analyzer to distinguish between photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic tissues. It is concluded that the SunScan canopy analyzer can estimate ‘‘effective’’ LAI that will be appropriate in providing datasets for environmentally driven processes.
Ebenezer Tunde Olayinka,Ayokanmi Ore,Kayode Ezekiel Adewole,Oyepeju Oyerinde 환경독성보건학회 2022 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.37 No.3
The types and mechanisms of atrazine-metolachlor toxicity, an herbicide composed of atrazine (ATR) and metolachlor (MET), need to be further investigated. This study evaluated the toxic actions of ATR-MET by in vivo and in silico methods. Here, varying doses of ATR-MET were orally administered to rats once daily for twenty-one days using normal saline as control. Molecular docking was used to characterize the binding of ATR and MET with androgen receptor (AR) to predict their potential endocrine-disrupting effects, using testosterone as benchmark. ATR-MET-induced-testicular toxicity (reduced sperm motility, count, and daily sperm production and increased live/dead ratio) was accompanied with testicular oxidative stress (diminished level of reduced glutathione, activities of glutathione-S-transferase, superoxide dismutase and catalase and increased level of malondialdehyde). Furthermore, ATR-MET induced cardiovascular toxicity (increased levels of plasma total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides) with concomitant induction of renal toxicity (increased plasma creatinine and urea levels), and hepatotoxicity (increased plasma bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase). Binding energy and amino acid interactions from in silico study revealed that MET possessed endocrine-disrupting capacity. In conclusion, exposure to atrazine-metolachlor could promote cardiovascular, renal, hepatic, as well as reproductive impairment in experimental male albino rats.
Ebenezer, Vinitha,Ki, Jang-Seu The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Scienc 2013 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol.16 No.3
Microalgae are sensitive indicators of environmental changes, and hence they are widely used in environmental risk assessments and for the development of discharge guidelines. Here we evaluated the toxicity of metals and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) to the marine green microalga, Tetraselmis suecica. The toxicants investigated included the metals, Cu, Ni, and Pb; and the EDCs, bisphenol A (BPA), endosulfan (ES), and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB). The endpoints were variations in cell counts and chlorophyll a levels. T. suecica displayed a varied pattern of sensitivity to the toxicants. Based on the 72-h median effective concentration ($EC_{50}$), ES (0.045 mg/L) was most toxic to T. suecica, followed by PCB (3.96 mg/L) and Pb (9.62 mg/L). Interestingly, T. suecica was relatively tolerant to Cu (43.03 mg/L). The 72-h $EC_{50}$ values of Ni and BPA were approximately 16 mg/L. Our data suggest that this species may be relatively tolerant to most of the chemicals within their permissible limits in the environment.
Ebenezer, V.,Ki, J.S. Academic Press 2013 Ecotoxicology and environmental safety Vol.92 No.-
Toxic effects of the commonly used biocide chlorine (Cl<SUB>2</SUB>) on the marine dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum were assessed using growth-, pigment- and enzyme activity-based endpoints. Cell count, chlorophyll a levels, carotenoids, and chlorophyll autofluorescence were monitored up to 72h after exposure to Cl<SUB>2</SUB>, and these parameters showed a dose- and time-dependent decrease. The 72-h median effective concentration (EC<SUB>50</SUB>) based on growth rate was 1.177mgL<SUP>-1</SUP>. Cl<SUB>2</SUB> dose above 0.5mgL<SUP>-1</SUP> were toxic to P. minimum after 6-h exposure to Cl<SUB>2</SUB>; the effect increased with increase in exposure time as revealed by a significant reduction in growth rate and decreased chlorophyll fluorescence. Moreover, the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase and catalase, were altered proportionally with increasing Cl<SUB>2</SUB> dose. The results of this study show that Cl<SUB>2</SUB> concentrations as observed in power-plant discharges and in drinking-water systems cause physiological and biochemical damage to the microalgae.