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김두,Dorsey Kordick,Thomas Divers,Yung-Fu Chang 대한수의학회 2006 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.7 No.4
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted with 6 different spirochetal strains (4 strains of Leptospira spp. and 2 strains of Borrelia burgdorferi) against 3 antimicrobial agents, commonly used in equine and bovine practice. The ranges of MIC and MBC of amoxicillin against Leptospira spp. were 0.05-6.25 μg/ml and 6.25-25.0 μg/ml, respectively. And the ranges of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of amoxicillin against B. burgdorferi were 0.05-0.39 μg/ml and 0.20-0.78 μg/ml, respectively. The ranges of MIC and MBC of enrofloxacin against Leptospira spp. were 0.05- 0.39 μg/ml and 0.05-0.39 μg/ml, respectively. Two strains of B. burgdorferi were resistant to enrofloxacin at the highest concentration tested for MBC (≥100 μg/ml). Therefore, the potential role of tilmicosin in the treatment of leptospirosis and borreliosis should be further evaluated in animal models to understand whether the in vivo studies will confirm in vitro results. All spirochetal isolates were inhibited (MIC) and were killed (MBC) by tilmicosin at concentrations below the limit of testing (≤0.01 μg/ml).
Equine hyperimmune serum protects mice against Clostridium difficile spore challenge
Weiwei Yan,Kang-Soon Shin,Shih-Jon Wang,Hua Xiang,Thomas Divers,Sean McDonough,James Bowman,Anne Rowlands,Bruce Akey,Hussni Mohamed,Yung-Fu Chang 대한수의학회 2014 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.15 No.2
Clostridium (C.) difficile is a common cause of nosocomialdiarrhea in horses. Vancomycin and metronidazole havebeen used as standard treatments but are only moderatelyeffective, which highlights the need for a novel alternativetherapy. In the current study, we prepared antiserum ofequine origin against both C. difficile toxins A and B as wellas whole-cell bacteria. The toxin-neutralizing activities of theantibodies were evaluated in vitro and the prophylacticeffects of in vivo passive immunotherapy were demonstratedusing a conventional mouse model. The data demonstratedthat immunized horses generated antibodies against bothtoxins A and B that possessed toxin-neutralizing activity. Additionally, mice treated with the antiserum lost less weightwithout any sign of illness and regained weight back to anormal range more rapidly compared to the control groupwhen challenged orally with 107 C. difficile spores 1 day afterserum injection. These results indicate that intravenousdelivery of hyperimmune serum can protect animals from C. difficile challenge in a dose-dependent manner. Hence,immunotherapy may be a promising prophylactic strategyfor preventing C. difficile infection in horses.
Nasari, Masoud M.,Szyszkowicz, Mieczysław,Chen, Hong,Crouse, Daniel,Turner, Michelle C.,Jerrett, Michael,Pope III, C. Arden,Hubbell, Bryan,Fann, Neal,Cohen, Aaron,Gapstur, Susan M.,Diver, W. Ryan,Stie Springer Netherlands 2016 AIR QUALITY ATMOSPHERE AND HEALTH Vol.9 No.8
<P>The effectiveness of regulatory actions designed to improve air quality is often assessed by predicting changes in public health resulting from their implementation. Risk of premature mortality from long-term exposure to ambient air pollution is the single most important contributor to such assessments and is estimated from observational studies generally assuming a log-linear, no-threshold association between ambient concentrations and death. There has been only limited assessment of this assumption in part because of a lack of methods to estimate the shape of the exposure-response function in very large study populations. In this paper, we propose a new class of variable coefficient risk functions capable of capturing a variety of potentially non-linear associations which are suitable for health impact assessment. We construct the class by defining transformations of concentration as the product of either a linear or log-linear function of concentration multiplied by a logistic weighting function. These risk functions can be estimated using hazard regression survival models with currently available computer software and can accommodate large population-based cohorts which are increasingly being used for this purpose. We illustrate our modeling approach with two large cohort studies of long-term concentrations of ambient air pollution and mortality: the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II (CPS II) cohort and the Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort (CanCHEC). We then estimate the number of deaths attributable to changes in fine particulate matter concentrations over the 2000 to 2010 time period in both Canada and the USA using both linear and non-linear hazard function models.</P><P><B>Electronic supplementary material</B></P><P>The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11869-016-0398-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</P>
The Role of Genetic Variation Near Interferon-Kappa in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Harley, Isaac T. W.,Niewold, Timothy B.,Stormont, Rebecca M.,Kaufman, Kenneth M.,Glenn, Stuart B.,Franek, Beverly S.,Kelly, Jennifer A.,Kilpatrick, Jeffrey R.,Hutchings, David,Divers, Jasmin,Bruner, G Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2010 Journal of biomedicine & biotechnology Vol.2010 No.-
<P>Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by increased type I interferons (IFNs) and multiorgan inflammation frequently targeting the skin. IFN-kappa is a type I IFN expressed in skin. A pooled genome-wide scan implicated the <I>IFNK</I> locus in SLE susceptibility. We studied <I>IFNK</I> single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 3982 SLE cases and 4275 controls, composed of European (EA), African-American (AA), and Asian ancestry. rs12553951C was associated with SLE in EA males (odds ratio = 1.93, <I>P</I> = 2.5 × 10<SUP>−4</SUP>), but not females. Suggestive associations with skin phenotypes in EA and AA females were found, and these were also sex-specific. <I>IFNK</I> SNPs were associated with increased serum type I IFN in EA and AA SLE patients. Our data suggest a sex-dependent association between <I>IFNK</I> SNPs and SLE and skin phenotypes. The serum IFN association suggests that <I>IFNK</I> variants could influence type I IFN producing plasmacytoid dendritic cells in affected skin.</P>