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Devi, Balusamy Sri Renuka,Kim, Yu-Jin,Sathiyamoorthy, Subramaniyum,Khorolragchaa, Altanzul,Gayathri, Sathiyaraj,Parvin, Shohana,Yang, Dong-Uk,Selvi, Senthil Kalai,Lee, Ok Ran,Lee, Sungyoung,Yang, Deok Consultants Bureau [etc.] 2011 Biochemistry Vol.76 No.12
<P>In plants heme containing cytochrome P450 (P450) is a superfamily of monooxygenases that catalyze the addition of one oxygen atom from O2 into a substrate, with a substantial reduction of the other atom to water. The function of P450 families is attributed to chemical defense mechanism under terrestrial environmental conditions; several are involved in secondary and hormone metabolism. However, the evolutionary relationships of P450 genes in Panax ginseng remain largely unknown. In the present study, data mining methods were implemented and 116 novel putative P450 genes were identified from Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) of a ginseng database. These genes were classified into four clans and 22 families by sequence similarity conducted at amino acid level. The representative putative P450 sequences of P. ginseng and known P450 family from other plants were used to construct a phylogenetic tree. By comparing with other genomes, we found that most of the P450 genes from P. ginseng can be found in other dicot species. Depending on P450 family functions, seven P450 genes were selected, and for that organ specific expression, abiotic, and biotic studies were performed by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Different genes were found to be expressed differently in different organs. Biotic stress and abiotic stress transcript level was regulated diversely, and upregulation of P450 genes indicated the involvement of certain genes under stress conditions. The upregulation of the P450 genes under methyl jasmonate and fungal stress justifies the involvement of specific genes in secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Our results provide a foundation for further elucidating the actual function and role of P450 involved in various biochemical pathways in P. ginseng.</P>
Lee, Ok Ran,Kim, Yu-Jin,Devi Balusamy, Sri Renuka,Kim, Min-Kyeoung,Sathiyamoorthy, Subramaniyam,Yang, Deok-Chun Elsevier 2011 Physiological and molecular plant pathology Vol.76 No.2
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Genomic DNA sequence of a <I>γ-thionin</I> in the <I>Panax ginseng</I> plant, termed <I>Pgγ-thionin</I>, contains 2 exons coding a 225-bp open reading frame with its deduced 75 amino acid sequence interrupted by 1 internal intron. The mRNA transcript level of <I>Pgγ</I>-thionin was ubiquitously expressed in the leaf, flower bud, stem, root and rhizome, with its highest expression in the roots. <I>Pgγ-thionin</I> was responsive to both biotic and abiotic stresses, such as an 18-fold increase after exposure to ABA. Fluorescent tagged-<I>Pgγ</I>-thionin protein was localized to cell wall-bound extracellular spaces. Our finding indicates that <I>Pgγ</I>-thionin might be involved in cellular defense responses.</P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P><P><ce:figure id='dfig1'></ce:figure></P><P><B>Highlights</B></P><P>► We found the genomic DNA of γ-thionins from <I>P. ginseng</I> encodes 225 bp ORF. ► The 3-D structure of Pgγ-thionin is similar to the previously reported γ-thionin. ► <I>Pgγ-thionin</I> was responsive to sets of biotic and abiotic stresses. ► Pgγ-thionin was found to be localized to cell wall-bound extracellular spaces.</P>