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Engrailed protects mouse midbrain dopaminergic neurons against mitochondrial complex I insults
Alvarez-Fischer, Daniel,Fuchs, Julia,Castagner, Fran챌ois,Stettler, Olivier,Massiani-Beaudoin, Olivia,Moya, Kenneth L,Bouillot, Colette,Oertel, Wolfgang H,Lomb챔s, Anne,Faigle, Wolfgang,Joshi, Rajiv L,H Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan P 2011 NATURE NEUROSCIENCE Vol.14 No.10
Mice heterozygous for the homeobox gene Engrailed-1 (En1) display progressive loss of mesencephalic dopaminergic (mDA) neurons. We report that exogenous Engrailed-1 and Engrailed-2 (collectively Engrailed) protect mDA neurons from 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), a mitochondrial complex I toxin used to model Parkinson's disease in animals. Engrailed enhances the translation of nuclearly encoded mRNAs for two key complex I subunits, Ndufs1 and Ndufs3, and increases complex I activity. Accordingly, in vivo protection against MPTP by Engrailed is antagonized by Ndufs1 small interfering RNA. An association between Engrailed and complex I is further confirmed by the reduced expression of Ndufs1 and Ndufs3 in the substantia nigra pars compacta of En1 heterozygous mice. Engrailed also confers in vivo protection against 6-hydroxydopamine and 慣-synuclein-A30P. Finally, the unilateral infusion of Engrailed into the midbrain increases striatal dopamine content, resulting in contralateral amphetamine-induced turning. Therefore, Engrailed is both a survival factor for adult mDA neurons and a regulator of their physiological activity.
Stettler, O.,Joshi, R. L.,Wizenmann, A.,Reingruber, J.,Holcman, D.,Bouillot, C.,Castagner, F.,Prochiantz, A.,Moya, K. L. The Company of Biologists 2012 Development (Cambridge) Vol.139 No.1
<P>Engrailed 1 and engrailed 2 homeoprotein transcription factors (collectively Engrailed) display graded expression in the chick optic tectum where they participate in retino-tectal patterning. In vitro, extracellular Engrailed guides retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons and synergises with ephrin A5 to provoke the collapse of temporal growth cones. In vivo disruption of endogenous extracellular Engrailed leads to misrouting of RGC axons. Here we characterise the signalling pathway of extracellular Engrailed. Our results show that Engrailed/ephrin A5 synergy in growth cone collapse involves adenosine A1 receptor activation after Engrailed-dependent ATP synthesis, followed by ATP secretion and hydrolysis to adenosine. This is, to our knowledge, the first evidence for a role of the adenosine A1 receptor in axon guidance. Based on these results, together with higher expression of the adenosine A1 receptor in temporal than nasal growth cones, we propose a computational model that illustrates how the interaction between Engrailed, ephrin A5 and adenosine could increase the precision of the retinal projection map.</P>
Influence of Surface Effect On Nickel Micro Deep Drawing Process
C. Keller,M. Aftenid,M. Banu,A.M. Habraken,E. Hug,S. Castagne,L. Duchene 한국소성가공학회 2010 기타자료 Vol.2010 No.6
In this paper, the forming behavior of nickel sheets is investigated as a function of the number of grains across the thickness by finite element simulations. Experimental tensile tests were carried out on nickel samples of approximately 100 μm grain size and thicknesses ranging between 12.5 μm and 3.2 mm. The decrease of the number of grains across the thickness involves a decrease of tensile stress due to the apparition of surface effects. These latter were taken into account for the deep drawing simulation of samples with 250 μm thickness by the use of two different constitutive elasto-plastic laws for surface and core grains. The simulations with two laws predict a modification of the distribution of the V.M. equivalent stress and of the damage zones compared to results from simulations using a simple average law.
Development of Low-Cost Deformation-based Micro Surface Texturing System for Friction Reduction
Song Xu,Sam Oh Jin An,Danno Atsushi,Sylvie Castagne 한국정밀공학회 2016 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol.17 No.8
Surface texturing as a means for enhancing tribological properties of mechanical components has been under intensive investigation over the last two decades. Many methods have been proposed to create surface texture of various patterns and geometries. However, among all these methods, deformation-based micro-surface texturing is least studied. It has many advantages over other methods that could lead to immediate industry application, including high productivity, high geometry fidelity and low cost. In the current work, a simple but effective incremental micro embossing system based on a commercially available press has been developed to create micro surface textures of various shapes and depths with accuracy up to 5 μm. The friction coefficients of the textured surfaces have been tested at different loadings and speeds with various lubricants to demonstrate their friction reduction capability. It has been observed that at high speed conditions, the friction reduction is achieved by the hydrodynamic lift. Interestingly, at the low speed conditions, the micro-surface texture is still capable of reducing the friction, thanks to its lubricant retention and debris entrapment capability. A micro surface textured mechanical face seal demonstrator has been built to further evaluate the micro surface texture created by incremental embossing method. A reduction of 20% in torque friction has been consistently achieved, which is on a par with that of the laser surface texturing method.
HYBRID LIGHT DUTY VEHICLES EVALUATION PROGRAM
Trigui, R.,Badin, F.,Jeanneret, B.,Harel, F.,Coquery, G.,Lallemand, R.,Ousten, JP.,Castagne, M.,Debest, M.,Gittard, E.,Vangraefshepe, F.,Morel, V.,Baghli, L.,Rezzoug, A.,Labbe, J.,Biscalia, S. The Korean Society of Automotive Engineers 2003 International journal of automotive technology Vol.4 No.2
A HEV evaluation program, funded by ADEME, was carried out by a group of Laboratories of different specialties in order to evaluate and compare consumption, emission and component technologies of the three first HEVs put on the market (Toyota Prius, Nissan Tino and Honda Insight). This paper presents the results obtained until now. These results show good consumption and emission performance of the tested vehicles compared to conventional ones. The energy management seems to be globally the same for the three vehicles excepting for cold stans where the Insight allows a very earlier stop of the engine compared to the Tino and especially to the Prius. A mapping of the engine consumption of the Prius and the Insight was performed in order to furnish data for the simulation models. The Permanent Magnet motors of the Prius and Tino have different number of pair poles and then different emf at a given speed. The low emf values of the Prius allow operation at high speed with less field weakening control than for the Tino. The inverters of the Prius and the Tino, controlled by a PWM at respectively 5 kHz and 7 kHz switching frequency, are made of IGBTs with high commutation performances.
HYBRID LIGHT DUTY VEHICLES EVALUATION PROGRAM
R. TRIGUI,F. BADIN,B. JEANNERET,F. HAREL,G. COQUERY,R. LALLEMAND,JP. OUSTEN,M. CASTAGNE,M. DEBEST,E. GITTARD,F. VANGRAEFSHEPE,V. MOREL,L. BAGHLI,A.REZZOUG,J.LABBE,S. BISCAGLIA 한국자동차공학회 2003 International journal of automotive technology Vol.4 No.2
A HEV evaluation program, funded by ADEME, was carried out by a group of Laboratories of different specialties in order to evaluate and compare consumption, emission and component technologies of the three first HEVs put on the market (Toyota Prius, Nissan Tino and Honda Insight). This paper presents the results obtained until now. These results show good consumption and emission performance of the tested vehicles compared to conventional ones. The energy management seems to be globally the same for the three vehicles excepting for cold starts where the Insight allows a very earlier stop of the engine compared to the Tino and especially to the Prius. A mapping of the engine consumption of the Prius and the Insight was performed in order to furnish data for the simulation models. The Permanent Magnet motors of the Prius and Tino have different number of pair poles and then different emf at a given speed. The low emf values of the Prius allow operation at high speed with less field weakening control than for the Tino. The inverters of the Prius and the Tino, controlled by a PWM at respectively 5 kHz and 7 kHz. switching frequency, are made of IGBTs with high commutation performances.