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Kim, YoungHee,Abers, Geoffrey A.,Li, Jiyao,Christensen, Douglas,Calkins, Josh,Rondenay, Sté,phane American Geophysical Union 2014 Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth Vol.119 No.3
We image the slab underneath a 450 km long transect of the Alaska subduction zone to investigate (1) the geometry and velocity structure of the downgoing plate and their relationship to slab seismicity and (2) the interplate coupled zone where the great 1964 earthquake (M-w 9.2) exhibited the largest amount of rupture. The joint teleseismic migration of two array data sets based on receiver functions (RFs) reveals a prominent, shallow-dipping low-velocity layer at similar to 25-30 km depth in southern Alaska. Modeling of RF amplitudes suggests the existence of a thin layer (V-s of similar to 2.1-2.6 km/s) that is similar to 20-40% slower than underlying oceanic crustal velocities, and is sandwiched between the subducted slab and the overriding plate. The observed megathrust layer (with V-p/V-s of 1.9-2.3) may be due to a thick sediment input from the trench in combination with elevated pore fluid pressure in the channel. Our image also includes an unusually thick low-velocity crust subducting with a similar to 20 degrees dip down to 130 km depth at similar to 200 km inland beneath central Alaska. The unusual nature of this subducted segment results from the subduction of the Yakutat terrane crust. Our imaged western edge of the Yakutat terrane aligns with the western end of a geodetically locked patch with high slip deficit, and coincides with the boundary of aftershock events from the 1964 earthquake. It appears that this sharp change in the nature of the downgoing plate could control the slip distribution of great earthquakes on this plate interface.
Francine M. Giotto,Ana Paula B. Fruet,José,L. Nö,rnberg,Chris R. Calkins,Amilton S. de Mello 한국축산식품학회 2020 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.40 No.3
This study evaluated the effects of muscle and dietary treatments including CORN, dry distillers grains (DDGS), and modified distillers grains (MDGS) on fatty acid (FA) deposition in two novel value-added beef cuts (Petite Tender - M. teres major - TM, and Flat Iron – M. infraspinatus - INF). Crossbred steers were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments (CORN, 40% of DDGS with 8%–12% of moisture, and 40% of MDGS with 45%–55% of moisture - DM basis) and fed for 190 days. The TM muscle had higher concentrations of ω6 FAs and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) when compared to INF. Beef fed CORN showed greater C16:0 and lower C18:0 values when compared to beef fed distillers grains (DGS). Beef fed DDGS had higher concentrations of ω6 FAs when compared to MDGS. Different moisture levels only affected FAs containing 14, 16, and 17 carbons. Different muscles, diets, and moisture levels of DGS affected the deposition of FAs in the lean.
HECTOMAP AND HORIZON RUN 4: DENSE STRUCTURES AND VOIDS IN THE REAL AND SIMULATED UNIVERSE
Hwang, Ho Seong,Geller, Margaret J.,Park, Changbom,Fabricant, Daniel G.,Kurtz, Michael J.,Rines, Kenneth J.,Kim, Juhan,Diaferio, Antonaldo,Zahid, H. Jabran,Berlind, Perry,Calkins, Michael,Tokarz, Susa American Astronomical Society 2016 The Astrophysical journal Vol.818 No.2
<P>HectoMAP is a dense redshift survey of red galaxies covering a 53 deg(2) strip of the northern sky. HectoMAP is 97% complete for galaxies with r < 20.5, (g-r) > 1.0, and (r -i) > 0.5. The survey enables tests of the physical properties of large-scale structure at intermediate redshift against cosmological models. We use the Horizon Run 4, one of the densest and largest cosmological simulations based on the standard. Cold Dark Matter (Lambda CDM) model, to compare the physical properties of observed large-scale structures with simulated ones in a volume-limited sample covering 8 x 10(6) h(-3) Mpc(3) in the redshift range 0.22 < z < 0.44. We apply the same criteria to the observations and simulations to identify over-and under-dense large-scale features of the galaxy distribution. The richness and size distributions of observed over-dense structures agree well with the simulated ones. Observations and simulations also agree for the volume and size distributions of under-dense structures, voids. The properties of the largest over-dense structure and the largest void in HectoMAP are well within the distributions for the largest structures drawn from 300 Horizon Run 4 mock surveys. Overall the size, richness and volume distributions of observed large-scale structures in the redshift range 0.22 < z < 0.44 are remarkably consistent with predictions of the standard Lambda CDM model.</P>
Jones, G.,Loeffler, D.,Calkin, D.,Chung, W. Pergamon ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2010 Biomass & bioenergy Vol.34 No.5
Mill residues from forest industries are the source for most of the current wood-based energy in the US, approximately 2.1% of the nation's energy use in 2007. Forest residues from silvicultural treatments, which include limbs, tops, and small non-commercial trees removed for various forest management objectives, represent an additional source of woody biomass for energy. We spatially analyzed collecting, grinding, and hauling forest residue biomass on a 515,900ha area in western Montana, US, to compare the total emissions of burning forest residues in a boiler for thermal energy with the alternatives of onsite disposal by pile-burning and using either natural gas or #2 distillate oil to produce the equivalent amount of useable energy. When compared to the pile-burn/fossil fuel alternatives, carbon dioxide emissions from the bioenergy alternative were approximately 60%, methane emissions were approximately 3%, and particulate emissions less than 10μm were 11% and 41%, respectively, for emission control and no-control boilers. Emissions from diesel consumption for collecting, grinding, and hauling biomass represented less than 5% of the total bioenergy emissions at an average haul distance of 136km. Across the study area, an average 21 units of bioenergy were produced for each unit of diesel energy used to collect, grind, and haul biomass. Fossil fuel energy saved by the bioenergy alternative relative to the pile-burn/fossil fuel alternatives averaged 14.7-15.2GJt<SUP>-1</SUP>of biomass.