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Busch, Theresa M.,Xing, Xiaoman,Yu, Guoqiang,Yodh, Arjun,Wileyto, E.Paul,Wang, Hsing-Wen,Durduran, Turgut,Zhua, Timothy C.,Wang, Ken Kang-Hsin Korean Society of Photoscience 2009 Photochemical & photobiological sciences Vol.8 No.12
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) can lead to the creation of heterogeneous, response-limiting hypoxia during illumination, which may be controlled in part through illumination fluence rate. In the present report we consider (1) regional differences in hypoxia, vascular response, and cell kill as a function of tumor depth and (2) the role of fluence rate as a mediator of depth-dependent regional intratumor heterogeneity. Intradermal RIF murine tumors were treated with Photofrin PDT using surface illumination at an irradiance of 75 or 38 mW $cm^{-2}$. Regional heterogeneity in tumor response was examined through comparison of effects in the surface vs. base of tumors, i.e. along a plane parallel to the skin surface and perpendicular to the incident illumination. 75 mW $cm^{-2}$ PDT created significantly greater hypoxia in tumor bases relative to their surfaces. Increased hypoxia in the tumor base could not be attributed to regional differences in Photofrin concentration nor effects of fluence rate distribution on photochemical oxygen consumption, but significant depth-dependent heterogeneity in vascular responses and cytotoxic response were detected. At a lower fluence rate of 38 mW $cm^{-2}$, no detectable regional differences in hypoxia or cytotoxic responses were apparent, and heterogeneity in vascular response was significantly less than that during 75 mW $cm^{-2}$ PDT. This research suggests that the benefits of low-fluence-rate PDT are mediated in part by a reduction in intratumor heterogeneity in hypoxic, vascular and cytotoxic responses.
Active Fault Detection for Open Loop Stable LTI SISO Systems
Regardt Busch,Iain K. Peddle 제어·로봇·시스템학회 2014 International Journal of Control, Automation, and Vol.12 No.2
Active fault detection for a stable open-loop LTI SISO system is considered. The optimal active fault detection setup is developed around an estimator based architecture. The auxiliary signal and estimator are then designed in order to maximize detection performance. Equations are derived which relate the estimator design to the nominal residual signal covariance. The relationship between the auxiliary input and the system performance degradation constraint is considered. The effect of estimator gain and excitation signal frequency on the dual Youla-Jabr-Bongiorno-Kucera parameter is investigated. Finally, the effect of the excitation signal frequency on detector performance is investigated, and a minimum targeted detection time parameter is introduced. This set of equations are then used to minimise the fault detection time for fixed performance constraints and minimum targeted detection time.
크리스토프부쉬 ( Christoph Busch ),황원재(번역) 한국유통법학회 2018 유통법연구 Vol.5 No.2
이 글은 경제민주주의에 대하여 3가지 관점에서 논의를 진행하고 있다. 우선, 경제민주주의의 개념이 바이마르 공화국의 역사적 상황을 출발점으로 하여, 독일 연방 공화국의 초기 상황을 거쳐 현재의 경제정책적 논쟁에 이르는 동안 어떻게 변하여 왔는지를 살펴본다. 이어서 경제민주주의가 독일 기본법에 어떻게 자리매김하고 있는지를 살펴본다. 끝으로 경제민주주의와 경쟁정책, 그리고 중산층 정책의 관련성을 검토한 후, 독일과 한국의 경제정책적 논쟁이 갖는 공통점에 대하여 살펴본다. Der Beitrag untersucht das Konzept der Wirtschaftsdemokratie aus drei Perspektiven. Zunächst werden die historischen Konjunkturen des Begriffs von der Weimarer Republik uber die fruhe Bundesrepublik bis hin zu aktuellen wirtschaftspolitischen Debatten nachgezeichnet. Anschließend wird skizziert, inwieweit sich das Konzept der Wirtschaftsdemokratie im deutschen Grundgesetz verorten lässt. Abschließend wird der Zusammenhang zwischen Wirtschaftsdemokratie, Wettbewerb und Mittelstandspolitik erörtert und auf Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen dem wirtschaftspolitischen Diskurs in Deutschland und Korea hingewiesen.
Zha, Kan,Busch, Stephen,Park, Cheolwoong,Miles, Paul C IOP Pub 2016 Measurement science & technology Vol.27 No.8
<P>In-cylinder flow measurements are necessary to gain a fundamental understanding of swirl-supported, light-duty Diesel engine processes for high thermal efficiency and low emissions. Planar particle image velocimetry (PIV) can be used for non-intrusive, <I>in situ</I> measurement of swirl-plane velocity fields through a transparent piston. In order to keep the flow unchanged from all-metal engine operation, the geometry of the transparent piston must adapt the production-intent metal piston geometry. As a result, a temporally- and spatially-variant optical distortion is introduced to the particle images. To ensure reliable measurement of particle displacements, this work documents a systematic exploration of optical distortion quantification and a hybrid back-projection procedure that combines ray-tracing-based geometric and <I>in situ</I> manual back-projection approaches.</P> <P>The proposed hybrid back-projection method for the first time provides a time-efficient and robust way to process planar PIV measurements conducted in an optical research engine with temporally- and spatially-varying optical distortion. This method is based upon geometric ray tracing and serves as a universal tool for the correction of optical distortion with an arbitrary but axisymmetric piston crown window geometry. Analytical analysis demonstrates that the ignorance of optical distortion change during the PIV laser temporal interval may induce a significant error in instantaneous velocity measurements. With the proposed digital dewarping method, this piston-motion-induced error can be eliminated. Uncertainty analysis with simulated particle images provides guidance on whether to back-project particle images or back-project velocity fields in order to minimize dewarping-induced uncertainties. The optimal implementation is piston-geometry-dependent. For regions with significant change in nominal magnification factor, it is recommended to apply the proposed back-projection approach to particle images prior to PIV interrogation. For regions with significant dewarping-induced particle elongation (<img ALIGN='MIDDLE' ALT='${{E}_{\text{p}}}>3$ ' SRC='http://ej.iop.org/images/0957-0233/27/8/085201/mstaa28ddieqn001.gif'/>), it is recommended to apply the proposed dewarping method to the vector fields resulting from PIV interrogation of raw particle image pairs.</P>