하트와 언어의 "개방적 구조"

( Brian Bix ),권경휘 ( Kyung Hwi Kwon ) 건국대학교 법학연구소 2009 一鑑法學 Vol.16 No.-

H. L. A. Hart and the "Open Texture" of Language tries to clarify the writings of both Hart and Friedrich Waismann on "open texture". In Waismann`s work, "open texture" referred to the potential vagueness of words under extreme (hypothetical) circumstances. Hart`s use of the term was quite different, and his work has been misunderstood because those differences were underestimated. Hart should not be read as basing his argument for judicial discretion on the nature of language; primarily, he was putting forward a policy argument for why rules should be applied in a way which would require that discretion.

Sporosarcina koreensis sp. nov. and Sporosarcina soli sp. nov., isolated from soil in Korea

Kwon, Soon-Wo,Kim, Byung-Yong,Song, Jaekyeong,Weon, Hang-Yeon,Schumann, Peter,Tindall, Brian J.,Stackebrandt, Erko,Fritze, Dagmar Microbiology Society 2007 International journal of systematic and evolutiona Vol.57 No.8

번역 : 의미와 지시의 이론은 법의 결정성의 문제를 해결할 수 있는가?

( Brian Bix ),권경휘 ( Kyung Hwi Kwon ) 연세법학회 2015 연세법학 Vol.25 No.-

A number of important legal theorists have recently argued for metaphysically realist approaches to legal determinacy grounded in particular semantic theories or theories of reference, in particular views of meaning and reference based on the works of Putnam and Kripke. The basic position of these theorists is that questions of legal interpretation and legal determinacy be approached through semantic meaning. However, the role of authority (in the form of lawmaker choice) in law in general and democratic systems in particular require that these realist “solutions” to the problem of legal determinacy be rejected or at least significantly revised.

Anti-apoptotic Effects of Human Wharton's Jelly-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Skeletal Muscle Cells Mediated via Secretion of XCL1

Kwon, SooJin,Ki, Soo Mi,Park, Sang Eon,Kim, Min-Jeong,Hyung, Brian,Lee, Na Kyung,Shim, Sangmi,Choi, Byung-Ok,Na, Duk L,Lee, Ji Eun,Chang, Jong Wook Elsevier 2016 Molecular therapy Vol.24 No.9

<P>The role of Wharton's jelly-derived human mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) in inhibiting muscle cell death has been elucidated in this study. Apoptosis induced by serum deprivation in mouse skeletal myoblast cell lines (C2C12) was significantly reduced when the cell lines were cocultured with WJ-MSCs. Antibody arrays indicated high levels of chemokine (C motif) ligand (XCL1) secretion by cocultured WJ-MSCs and XCL1 protein treatment resulted in complete inhibition of apoptosis in serum-starved C2C12 cells. Apoptosis of C2C12 cells and loss of differentiated C2C12 myotubes induced by lovastatin, another muscle cell death inducer, was also inhibited by XCL1 treatment. However, XCL1 treatment did not inhibit apoptosis of cell lines other than C2C12. When XCL1-siRNA pretreated WJ-MSCs were cocultured with serum-starved C2C12 cells, apoptosis was not inhibited, thus confirming that XCL1 is a key factor in preventing C2C12 cell apoptosis. We demonstrated the therapeutic effect of XCL1 on the zebrafish myopathy model, generated by knock down of a causative gene ADSSL7. Furthermore, the treatment of XCL1 resulted in significant recovery of the zebrafish skeletal muscle defects. These results suggest that human WJ-MSCs and XCL1 protein may act as promising and novel therapeutic agents for treatment of myopathies and other skeletal muscle diseases.</P>

The High Resolution NMR Solution Structure of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-3

Kwon Do-Yoon,Lee Duck-Yeon,Sykes Brian D.,Kim Key-Sun Korean Magnetic Resonance Society 2005 Journal of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society Vol.9 No.2

The high resolution solution structure of MCP-3 was determined using multinuclear, multidimensional NMR spectroscopy with an expressed and $^{13}C-\;and\;^{15}N-labeled$ protein. The MCP-3 has a typical chemokine fold including 3 anti-parallel $\beta-sheets$, and a C-terminal helix, but it exists as a monomer in solution under the conditions where the structure was determined (2 mM, pH 5.1 at $30^{\circ}C$). Based on the structure and the amino acid sequence compared to other chemokines we propose that Ile20 and Leu25 in MCP-3 play key roles in the formation of N-loop (residues between the $2^{nd}$ cysteine and the I sheet) which has been implicated as a determinant of chemokine specificity. Additional receptor binding surface is supplied by the 40s loop (residues between the 2 and the 3 sheet) and the binding interface of the acidic N-terminal region of chemokine receptor to MCP-3 would resemble the dimerization interface of CC type dimer.

Clues to the Electrical Switching Mechanism of Carbazole-Containing Polyimide Thin Films

Ree, Brian J.,Kwon, Wonsang,Kim, Kyungtae,Ko, Yong-Gi,Kim, Young Yong,Lee, Hoyeol,Ree, Moonhor American Chemical Society 2014 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.6 No.23

<P>The mechanism behind electrical memory behavior of carbazole-containing polyimides (PIs) in nanoscale thin films was investigated. For this investigation, a series of poly(3,3′-dihydroxy-4,4′-biphenylene-<I>co</I>-3,3′-bis(<I>N</I>-ethylenyloxycarbazole)-4,4′-biphenylene hexafluoro-isopropylidenedi-phthalimide)s (6F-HAB-HABCZ<SUB><I>n</I></SUB> PIs) with various compositions was synthesized as a model carbazole-containing polymer system. The thermal properties, band gaps, and molecular orbital levels of the PIs were determined. Furthermore, the chemical compositions, as well as the nanoscale thin film morphologies and electron densities, were analyzed, providing detailed information on the population and positional distribution of carbazole moieties in thin films of the PIs. PI Devices were fabricated with aluminum electrodes and tested electrically. The PI thin film layers in the devices exhibited electrically permanent memory behavior, which was driven by trap-limited space-charge limited conduction and ohmic conduction. The permanent memory characteristics were found to be attributed to the incorporated carbazole moieties rather than from the other chemical components. Furthermore, the memory characteristics depended significantly on the population and positional distribution of carbazole moieties in the PI layer, as well as the film thickness. Considering that the backbone is not conjugated, the present results collectively indicate that the electrical switching behavior of the PI films is driven by the carbazole moieties acting as charge traps and a hopping process using the carbazole charge-trap sites as stepping-stones.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/aamick/2014/aamick.2014.6.issue-23/am506915n/production/images/medium/am-2014-06915n_0010.gif'></P>

번역 : 하트(H. L. A. Hart)와 법이론에 있어서 해석학적 전회

브라이언빅스 ( Brian Bix ),권경휘 ( Kyung Hwi Kwon ) 영산대학교 법률연구소 2014 영산법률논총 Vol.11 No.2

영미법철학에 있어서 하트(H. L. A. Hart)의 중요한 공헌들 중 하나는 기술적인 법이론에 참여자의 관점을 도입한 것이다. “규칙의 내적 측면”과 “내적 관점”은 하트가오스틴에 의해 주장된 이전의 법실증주의를 비판하고 그 대안을 제시함에 있어서 핵심이 되었다. 이것은 법철학에 있어서 일종의 “해석학적 전회”(라고 이해될 수 있다. 이러한 “해석학적 전회(hermeneutic turn)”가 유지될 수 있는가 그리고 그것은 적절한 것인가는 최근의 법실증주의들이 현대적 자연법론과 드워킨의 해석적 접근 (interpretive approach)의 도전을 견뎌낼 수 있는가를 판단함에 있어서 핵심이 된다. 또한 해석학적 접근이 가능한가하는 것은 법에 관한 기술적인 이론이 가능한가 혹은 그것이 어느 정도 가능한가를 결정함에 있어서 매우 중요한 문제이다. 이러한 근본적인 질문에 답하기 위하여 이 논문은 하트의 이론의 전개와 이러한 접근에 대한 최근의 비판들을 다룬다. 제2장에서는 하트가 응답하고자 하였던 법과 법이론에 대한 접근들을 다룬다. 제3 장은 하트의 이론을 규칙의 내적 측면과 내적 관점을 중심으로 요약한다. 제4장은 법실증주의자인 라즈(Joseph Raz)와 자연법론자인 피니스(John Finnis)에 의하여 제안된 하트의 내적 관점에 대한 대안과 수정을 살펴본다. 제5장에서는 하트의 해석학적 전회가 어느 정도로 유지될 수 있고 지지될 수 있는가에 대한 힐(H. Hamner Hill)과 페리(Stephen Perry)의 최근의 비판적인 평가들을 고찰한다. 마지막으로 제6장에서는 법이론이 하트의 “해석학적 전회”로부터 벗어나 보다 단순한 형태의 법실증주의로 되돌아가야한다고 하는 샤우어(Frederick Schauer)의 최근의 주장에 관하여 논의 한다. One of H. L. A. Hart’ most significant contributions to Anglo-American legal philosophy was the introduction to the participant’s perspective into descriptive legal theory. The “internal aspect of rules” and the “internal point of view” were central to Hart’s critique of the earlier legal positivism of John Austin and the construction of Hart’s alternative form of legal positivism. Hart’s move can be seen as a kind of “hermeneutic turn” in legal philosophy. The extent to which this “hermeneutic turn,” on the one hand, can be sustained and, on the other hand, is appropriate, are central inquiries in determining whether currently influential forms of legal positivism can withstand the challenges of modern natural law theory and Ronald Dworkin’s interpretive approach. Additionally, the viability of a hermeneutic approach may be central to determining whether, or to what extent, a descriptive theory of law is possible. This Article will use the development of Hart’s theory, and some of the more recent critiques of that approach, as an opportunity to offer an overview of these basic questions. Part II discusses the approaches to law and legal theory to which Hart was responding. Part III summarize Hart’s theory, with emphasis on the internal aspect of rules and the internal point of view. Part IV outlines alterations and improvements on Hart’s internal viewpoint suggested by the legal positivist Joseph Raz and the natural law theorist John Finnis. Part V considers recent critical evaluations by H. Hamner Hill and Stephen Perry, challenging the extent to which Hart’s hermeneutic turn is stable and tenable. Finally, Part VI discusses Frederick Schauer’s recent proposals, which advocate the legal theory turn away, at least in part, from Hart’s “Hermeneutic turn” and go back towards a simpler form of legal positivism.

Potassium isotope fractionation between K-salts and saturated aqueous solutions at room temperature: Laboratory experiments and theoretical calculations

Li, Weiqiang,Kwon, Kideok D.,Li, Shilei,Beard, Brian L. Pergamon Press 2017 Geochimica et cosmochimica acta Vol.214 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Improvements in mass spectrometry have made it possible to identify naturally occurring K isotope (<SUP>39</SUP>K/<SUP>41</SUP>K) variability in terrestrial samples that can be used in a variety of geological and biological applications that involve cycling of K such as clay or evaporite formation. However, our ability to interpret K isotope variability is limited by a poor understanding of how K isotopes are fractionated at low temperatures. In this study, we conducted recrystallization experiments of eight K-salts in order to measure the K isotope fractionation factor between the salt and the saturated K solution (Δ<SUP>41</SUP>K<SUB>min-sol</SUB>). Measured Δ<SUP>41</SUP>K<SUB>min-sol</SUB> are +0.50‰ for K<SUB>2</SUB>CO<SUB>3</SUB>·1.5H<SUB>2</SUB>O, +0.32‰ for K<SUB>2</SUB>SO<SUB>4</SUB>, +0.23‰ for KHCO<SUB>3</SUB>, +0.06‰ for K<SUB>2</SUB>C<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB>·H<SUB>2</SUB>O, +0.02‰ for KCl, −0.03‰ for K<SUB>2</SUB>CrO<SUB>4</SUB>, −0.15‰ for KBr, and −0.52‰ for KI. Overall the Δ<SUP>41</SUP>K<SUB>min-sol</SUB> decreases with increasing <I>r</I> for K in crystals, where <I>r</I> is the average distance between a K atom and its neighboring atoms of negative charge. Salts with monovalent anions and salts with divalent anion complexes define different linear trends with distinct slopes on a plot of Δ<SUP>41</SUP>K<SUB>min-sol</SUB> - <I>r</I>. We applied <I>ab initio</I> lattice dynamics and empirical crystal-chemistry models to calculation of K isotope fractionation factors between K salts; both methods showed that the calculated inter-mineral K isotope fractionation factors (Δ<SUP>41</SUP>K<SUB>min-KCl</SUB>) are highly consistent with experimentally derived Δ<SUP>41</SUP>K<SUB>min-KCl</SUB> under the assumption of consistent β factors for different saturated K solutions. Formulations for the crystal-chemistry model further indicate that both anion charge and bond length <I>r</I> are the principle controlling factors for K isotope fractionation, and the K isotope fractionation factors correlate with <I>r</I> following a 1/<I>r</I> <SUP>3</SUP> relationship. Our experiment and theoretical study confirms the existence of significant equilibrium K isotope fractionation at ambient conditions, and the K isotope fractionation factors for halides and sulfate obtained in this study provide a basis for future K isotope studies on evaporites.</P>

서울시 장기 미집행 도시공원에 대한 행정적 재판단 연구

정상윤(Chong Brian Sang Yoon),김기영(Kim, Ki Young),권대중(Kwon, Dae Jung) 대한부동산학회 2014 大韓不動産學會誌 Vol.32 No.2

도시공원의 결정이 있은 이후 구체적인 공원조성 계획의 부재 또는 사업 인⋅허가 등 추진절차의 미이행 상태에서 10년 이상 장기 미집행 되고 있는 도시공원계획의 경우 장기미집행 상태에 있는 동안에 변화된 도시기능 및 상황을 적절히 반영하기 위해서라도 계획의 재판단이 필요하다. 이와 관련하여 이 연구는 장기 미집행 도시공원의 사업 단계에 따라 첫째, 인⋅허가 단계에서 사업중단된 장기 미집행 도시공원은 설치 계획에 대한 재원과 관련된 재판단이 있어야 함을 제시하였다. 둘째, 사업착수 단계에서는 과도한 재산권 침해 요인을 제거하기 위해 우선적인 토지보상과 개발행위 특례제도에 우선적 검토에 대한 재판단을 제시하였으며, 마지막으로 시설설치 단계에서는 재원마련에 대한 일시적 현상으로 사업이 수년간 지연됨에 대한 행정적 재정 배려와 자발적 공원시설 설치물에 대한 법적 미비요인에 대한 재판단이 필요함을 제시하였다. If you are planning a urban park for more than 10 years in long-term executory uninstalled condition, including members of the implementation procedures of the parks or business plan specific permission⋅ funny after the decision of the urban park and urban functions properly changed circumstances during the erm uninstalled condition the determination of the re-planning is needed even in order to reflect. In this regard, first, the level of long-term business interruption permission from⋅uninstalled Urban park was suggested that this should be re-determined and related resources in accordance with the business plan for the installation phase of the long-term research is uninstalled urban park. Second, the project outset was determined to re-present the first review on the primary land development activities and special compensation system to eliminate excessive infringement factors, and finally as a temporary phenomenon for funding this project for years facilities installed in step suggested the need for a re-determination of the legal factors, lack of park facilities for voluntary acts installations for fiscal consideration and deferred.

On Mobility-Supporting Transmit Beamforming in MISO FDD Wireless Systems

Lee, Woo-Kwon,Sepko, Brian J. The Korea Institute of Information and Commucation 2008 Journal of communications and networks Vol.10 No.3

When operating in frequency-division duplex (FDD) mode, transmit beamforming in multiple-input single-output (MISO) wireless communication systems typically requires accurate knowledge of downlink channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter. In practical FDD systems, obtaining such downlink CSI at the transmitter is challenging, if not impractical. To circumvent such challenge and support user mobility, we present a new method for transmit beamforming based on simple beam-control commands (BCCs) in MISO FDD mobile systems. We then numerically evaluate the effects of BCC errors in terms of transmit power efficiency, system capacity, and outage probability.