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Ganguly, Anindya,Park, Minho,Kesawat, Mahipal Singh,Cho, Hyung-Taeg American Society of Plant Biologists 2014 The Plant cell Vol.26 No.4
<P>The auxin efflux carrier PIN2 has a long hydrophilic loop (HL); when transplanted into PIN5 (a short-HL PIN), this HL confers the PIN5:PIN2-HL fusion protein with the capacity for phosphorylation and plasma membrane (PM) targeting but not for PIN2-like polarity. Moreover, depending on cell type, PIN5 can show internal, PM, or polar localization in the PM.</P>
The phosphorylation code is implicated in cell type-specific trafficking of PIN-FORMEDs
Ganguly, Anindya,Cho, Hyung-Taeg Landes Bioscience 2012 Plant signaling & behavior Vol.7 No.10
<P>The subcellular polarity of PIN-FORMEDs (PINs) is critical for directional cell-to-cell transport of auxin. Phosphorylation of PIN proteins plays an important role in generating and maintaining specific PIN polarity. In a recent study, we have shown that phosphorylation in certain conserved residues of the PIN3 hydrophilic loop (HL) modulates its subcellular localization and polarity in a cell type-specific manner in different root tissues. Here, we additionally show that the phosphorylation code of PIN3-HL is operational for the determination of PIN3 polarity in the Arabidopsis guard cell and is deciphered in a differential way even in a single tobacco cell for the intracellular trafficking of PIN3. On the other hand, PIN3 localization often remained unaltered in certain cell types irrespective of its phosphorylation status. These findings, together with previous reports, indicate that the phosphorylation code of the PIN-HL along with cell type-specific factors, kinases, and developmental/environmental cues is instrumental for the PIN trafficking to different subcellular compartments as well as different plasma membrane domains.</P>
Ganguly, Anindya,Lee, Sang‐,Ho,Cho, Hyung‐,Taeg Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2012 The Plant journal Vol.71 No.5
<P><B>Summary</B></P><P>Directional cell‐to‐cell movement of auxin is mediated by asymmetrically localized PIN‐FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux transporters. The polar localization of PINs has been reported to be modulated by phosphorylation. In this study, the function of the phosphorylation sites of the PIN3 central hydrophilic loop (HL) was characterized. The phosphorylation sites were located in two conserved neighboring motifs, RKSNASRRSF(/L) and TPRPSNL, where the former played a more decisive role than the latter. Mutations of these phosphorylatable residues disrupted <I>in planta</I> phosphorylation of PIN3 and its subcellular trafficking, and caused defects in PIN3‐mediated biological processes such as auxin efflux activity, auxin maxima formation, root growth, and root gravitropism. Because the defective intracellular trafficking behaviors of phospho‐mutated PIN3 varied according to cell type, phosphorylation codes in PIN3‐HL are likely to operate in a cell‐type‐specific manner.</P>
Regulation of the Polarity of Protein Trafficking by Phosphorylation
Anindya Ganguly,조형택,Daisuke Sasayama 한국분자세포생물학회 2012 Molecules and cells Vol.33 No.5
The asymmetry of environmental stimuli and the execu-tion of developmental programs at the organism level require a corresponding polarity at the cellular level, in both unicellular and multicellular organisms. In plants, cell polarity is important in major developmental processes such as cell division, cell enlargement, cell morphogenesis, embryogenesis, axis formation, organ development, and defense. One of the most important factors controlling cell polarity is the asymmetric distribution of polarity determinants. In particular, phosphorylation is implicated in the polar distribution of the determinant protein factors, a mechanism conserved in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In plants, formation of local gradients of auxin, the morphogenic hormone, is critical for plant developmental processes exhibiting polarity. The auxin efflux carriers PIN-FORMEDs (PINs) localize asymmetrically in the plasma membrane and cause the formation of local auxin gradients throughout the plant. The asymmetry of PIN distribution in the plasma membrane is determined by phosphorylation-mediated polar trafficking of PIN proteins. This review discusses recent studies on the role of phosphorylation in polar PIN trafficking.
Discomfort Analysis in Computerized Numeric Control Machine Operations
Muthukumar, Krishnamoorthy,Sankaranarayanasamy, Krishnasamy,Ganguli, Anindya Kumar Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute 2012 Safety and health at work Vol.3 No.2
Objectives: The introduction of computerized numeric control (CNC) technology in manufacturing industries has revolutionized the production process, but there are some health and safety problems associated with these machines. The present study aimed to investigate the extent of postural discomfort in CNC machine operators, and the relationship of this discomfort to the display and control panel height, with a view to validate the anthropometric recommendation for the location of the display and control panel in CNC machines. Methods: The postural discomforts associated with CNC machines were studied in 122 male operators using Corlett and Bishop's body part discomfort mapping, subject information, and discomfort level at various time intervals from starting to end of a shift. This information was collected using a questionnaire. Statistical analysis was carried out using ANOVA. Results: Neck discomfort due to the positioning of the machine displays, and shoulder and arm discomfort due to the positioning of controls were identified as common health issues in the operators of these machines. The study revealed that 45.9% of machine operators reported discomfort in the lower back, 41.8% in the neck, 22.1% in the upper-back, 53.3% in the shoulder and arm, and 21.3% of the operators reported discomfort in the leg. Conclusion: Discomfort increased with the progress of the day and was highest at the end of a shift; subject age had no effect on patient tendency to experience discomfort levels.
Khuram Maqsood,Saibal Ganguly,Jayita Pal,Dhanaraj Turunawarasu,Anindya Jyoti Pal 한국화학공학회 2014 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.31 No.7
A novel concept of hybrid cryogenic distillation network has been explored which maximizes the benefitsof both desublimation or solid-vapor based separation as well as distillation or vapor-liquid equilibrium based separationduring the separation of carbon dioxide from methane or natural gas. Process network synthesis has been performedfor four case studies with high carbon dioxide (72 mole%) and medium carbon dioxide (50 mole%) natural gas feedstreams. The benefits of optimal locations for cryogenic packed beds were investigated. A conventional cryogenic networkconsisting of multiple distillation columns with butane as additive for extractive distillation was also studied andpresented in this paper. Process modeling of cryogenic distillation network with MESH equations was attempted usingan integrated dual loop (C+3) convergence and the results were compared with Aspen Plus simulator for benchmarking. The prediction of solidification region was employed using experimental data from literature to avoid solidificationregions in the column. The proposed hybrid cryogenic distillation network showed promising potential for energy andsize reduction.