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Fabrication and Characteristics of Fully-sprayed ZnO/CdS/CuInS2 Solar Cells
Tran Thanh Thai,Nguyen Duc Hieu,Luu Thi Lan Anh,Pham Phi Hung,Vo Thach Son,Vu Thi Bich 한국물리학회 2012 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.61 No.9
This paper reports the successful fabrication of deposited Glass/ZnO/CdS/CuInS<sub>2</sub> solar cells with superstrate structure using Full Spray Pyrolysis Deposition (FSPD). The structure, optical and electrical properties of the constituent layers are investigated. It is observed that the CuInS<sub>2</sub> (CIS) film deposited from starting solution with [Cu]/[In] = 1.1, and Al-doped CuInS<sub>2</sub> (CIAS) film deposited from solution with [Cu]/[In] = 1.0, [Al]/[In] = 0.12, and using sulfurization process exhibited the best crystallites with tetragonal structure. The optical band gap of the CIAS film is obtained as 1.49 eV. Some physical properties of both ZnO, and CdS thin films are also studied. The parameters of the cells obtained are V<sub>OC</sub> = 425 mV, J<sub>SC</sub> = 14.02 mA/cm<sup>2</sup>, FF = 28.75% and efficiency of 1.71%. The results in our experiment show that FSPD is a potential technique to prepare solar cells based on CIS absorbers in a superstrate structure with low cost and high performance.
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Huong Thi Thu Nguyen,Kazuyo Kitaoka,Masune Sukigara,Anh Lan Thai 한국간호과학회 2018 Asian Nursing Research Vol.12 No.1
Purpose: This study aimed to create a Vietnamese version of both the Maslach Burnout Inventory- General Survey (MBI-GS) and Areas of Worklife Scale (AWS) to assess the burnout state of Vietnamese clinical nurses and to develop a causal model of burnout of clinical nurses. Methods: We conducted a descriptive design using a cross-sectional survey. The questionnaire was hand divided directly by nursing departments to 500 clinical nurses in three hospitals. Vietnamese MBI-GS and AWS were then examined for reliability and validity. We used the revised exhaustion þ1 burnout classification to access burnout state.We performed path analysis to develop a Vietnamese causal model based on the original model by Leiter and Maslach's theory. Results: We found that both scales were reliable and valid for assessing burnout. Among nurse participants, the percentage of severe burnout was 0.7% and burnout was 15.8%, and 17.2% of nurses were exhausted. The best predictor of burnout was “on-duty work schedule” that clinical nurses have to work for 24 hours. In the causal model, we also found similarity and difference pathways in comparison with the original model. Conclusion: Vietnamese MBI-GS and AWS were applicable to research on occupational stress. Nearly one-fifth of Vietnamese clinical nurses were working in burnout state. The causal model suggested a range of factors resulting in burnout, and it is necessary to consider the specific solution to prevent burnout problem.
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