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The local and observed photochemical reaction rates revisited
Alfano, Orlando M.,Irazoqui, Horacio A.,Cassano, Alberto E. Korean Society of Photoscience 2009 Photochemical & photobiological sciences Vol.8 No.7
In a broad sense, photochemical reactions proceed through pathways involving several reaction steps. The initiation step is the absorption of energy both by the reactant or sensitizer molecules and in some cases, by the catalyst, leading to intermediate products that ultimately give rise to stable end products. Preferably, the reaction rate expression is derived from a proposed mechanism together with sound simplifying assumptions; otherwise, it may be adopted on an empirical basis. Under a kinetic control regime, the rate expression thus obtained depends on the local rate of photon absorption according to a power law whose exponent very often ranges from one half to unity. The kinetic expression should be valid at every point of the reactor volume. However, due to radiation attenuation in an absorbing and/or scattering medium, the value of the photon absorption rate is always a function of the spatial position. Therefore, the overall photochemical reaction rate will not be uniform throughout the entire reaction zone, and the distinction between local and volume average photochemical reaction rates becomes mandatory. Experimental values of reaction rates obtained from concentration measurements performed in well-mixed reaction cells are, necessarily, average values. Consequently, for validation purposes, experimental results from these cells must be compared with volume averages of the mechanistically or empirically derived local reaction rate expressions. In this work it is shown that unless the rate is first order with respect to the photon absorption rate or the attenuation in the absorbing and/or scattering medium is kept very low, when the averaging operation is not performed, significant errors may be expected.
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Remembering Christina Rossetti: Dead Women and the Afterlife of Lyric
( Veronica Alfano ) 한국영미문학페미니즘학회 2009 영미문학페미니즘 Vol.17 No.2
Christina Rossetti`s exaggerated lyrical techniques parody and subvert the figure of the sentimental Victorian poetess. I examine this process through the themes of memory and memorability, particularly in poems that portray dead or moribund women. Writing about death appears to cue humble self-forgetfulness, yet Rossetti`s speakers also insist on being remembered. The poet derives her distinctive voice from confinement both in brief, mnemonic lyrics and in the grave. Her sonnet "Rest" endows its deceased subject with the powerful atemporality of a memorized poem; this removal from narrative progression has surprisingly heterodox religious consequences. And beneath the self-effacements of "Song [When I am dead, my dearest]" and "Remember" lies a determined claim on the reader`s memory-expressed, paradoxically, through attenuated forms and indifferent post-mortem tones. These poems speak from a realm of numbed remembrance, revising the poetess`s emotional intensity. Ironically, considered en masse, Rossetti`s memorably small verses stand metonymically for one another and thus become forgettable. In the same way, Rossetti herself is frequently misconstrued because the restrictive association between her work and her biography has become so familiar. I ask, in concluding, how we as critics can best remember her as a poet and as a historical figure.
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( Gaetano Alfano ),( Annachiara Ferrari ),( Francesco Fontana ),( Giacomo Mori ),( Giulia Ligabue ),( Silvia Giovanella ),( Riccardo Magistroni ),( Marianna Meschiari ),( Erica Franceschini ),( Marian 대한신장학회 2021 Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Vol.40 No.2
Background: The prognostic value of within-day sCr variation serum creatinine variation is unknown in the setting of the novel corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We evaluated the prognostic significance of 24-hour serum creatinine variation in COVID-19 patients. Methods: A monocentric retrospective analysis was conducted in COVID-19 patients not admitted to the intensive care unit. Three groups were subdivided based on 24 hours serum creatinine variation from admission. In the stable kidney function group, 24-hour serum creatinine variation ranged from +0.05 to -0.05 mg/dL; in the decreased kidney function group, 24-hour serum creatinine variation was >0.05 mg/dL; in the improved kidney function group, 24-hour serum creatinine variation was <-0.05 mg/dL. Results: The study population included 224 patients with a median age of 66.5 years and a predominance of males (72.3%). Within 24 hours of admission, renal function remained stable in 37.1% of the subjects, whereas it displayed improved and deteriorated pat terns in 45.5% and 17.4%, respectively. Patients with decreased kidney function were older and had more severe COVID-19 symp toms than patients with stable or improved kidney function. About half of patients with decreased kidney function developed an epi sode of acute kidney injury (AKI) during hospitalization. Decreased kidney function was significantly associated with AKI during hospi talization (hazard ratio [HR], 4.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.9-10.8; p < 0.001) and was an independent risk factor for 30-day in-hospital mortality (HR, 5.5; 95% CI, 1.1-28; p = 0.037). Conclusion: COVID-19 patients with decreased kidney function within 24 hours of admission were at high risk of AKI and 30-day in-hospital mortality.
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Implementation Options and Economics of Phased UMTS Deployment
Grillo, Davide,Montagna, Maurizio,Alfano, Franco,Colombo, Antonio,Ricci, Simone The Korea Institute of Information and Commucation 2002 Journal of communications and networks Vol.4 No.4
3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) is defining UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) releases which span the transition from GSM/UMTS coexistence to All-IP UMTS networks. The deployment of an UMTS network depends, in the first place, on the intended service offerings and the release an operator chooses to start service with. Other key decisions in-fluencing UMTS deployment relate to the timing of the functional enhancements and capacity increases along the economic life of the network. This paper gives an overview on the architectural and technical options for UMTS deployment. It also outlines the methodology underlying the business plan aimed at estimating the returns from investments in the UMTS infrastructure, thus helping to tune operators’ strategies for UMTS deployment.
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