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Kim, S.,Kim, I. H.,Akoh, C. C.,Kim, B. H. AOCS AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS' SOCIETY 2014 Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society Vol.91 No.5
This study aimed to optimize the lipase-catalyzed transesterification of high oleic sunflower oil (A) with a mixture of ethyl palmitate and ethyl stearate (B) to produce cocoa butter equivalents with a weight ratio of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-3-stearoyl-rac-glycerol (POS) to total symmetric monounsaturated triacylglycerols (SMUT) that is similar to that of cocoa butter by response surface methodology. The reaction was performed in a continuous packed bed reactor, using 0.45 g of Lipozyme RM IM as the biocatalyst. The effects of temperature (Te), residence time (RT), substrate molar ratio (SR, B/A), and water content (WC) of the substrates on the composition of reaction products were elucidated using the models established. Optimal reaction conditions for maximizing total SMUT and POS contents while minimizing the levels of diacylglycerol formation and acyl migration were: Te, 60 A degrees C; RT, 28.5 min; SR, 8.5; WC, 300 mg/kg. The contents of total SMUT, POS, and diacylglycerol in the reaction products and the content of palmitoyl and stearoyl residues at the sn-2 position of triacylglycerols in the products were 52.0, 25.1, 9.4, and 4.8 %, respectively, under these conditions. Successful scale-up of the reaction was achieved under the optimal conditions, using 5 g of the lipase. A silver-ion high performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that the products obtained by the larger scale reaction contained 49.1 % total SMUT and 6.1 % of their positional isomers.
Optimisation of tripalmitin-rich fractionation from palm stearin by response surface methodology
Son, Jeoung Mae,Lee, Ki-Teak,Akoh, Casimir C,Kim, Mee Ree,Kim, Mi Jung,Lee, Jeung Hee John Wiley Sons, Ltd. 2010 Journal of the science of food and agriculture Vol.90 No.9
<P>BACKGROUND: Solvent fractionation is effective in improving separation at low temperature, resulting in higher yield and purity of the final product. Tripalmitin (PPP) is an important substrate for the synthesis of human milk fat substitute (HMFS). In this study a fraction rich in PPP was separated from palm stearin by solvent fractionation.</P><P>RESULTS: The PPP-rich fraction was concentrated from palm stearin by acetone fractionation. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimise PPP purity (Y<SUB>1</SUB>, %) and PPP content (Y<SUB>2</SUB>, g kg<SUP>−1</SUP> palm stearin) with the independent variables fractionation temperature (X<SUB>1</SUB>, 25, 30 and 35 °C) and weight ratio of palm stearin to acetone (X<SUB>2</SUB>, 1:3, 1:6 and 1:9). The predictive models for PPP purity and PPP content of the solid fraction were adequate and reproducible, with no significant lack of fit and satisfactory levels of R<SUP>2</SUP>. PPP purity showed a positive correlation with temperature and acetone ratio, whereas PPP content exhibited a negative correlation. The optimised fractionation condition for a targeted PPP-rich fraction with > 92% PPP purity and > 225 g kg<SUP>−1</SUP> PPP content from palm stearin was predicted.</P><P>CONCLUSION: The RSM model for optimising PPP purity and PPP content in the PPP-rich fraction from palm stearin by acetone fractionation was valid. The scaled-up PPP-rich fraction obtained can be used as a substrate for the synthesis of 1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol, which is a main component of HMFS in infant formulas. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry</P>
Jin, Gyungsu,Kim, Jeongeun,Lee, Yunhee,Kim, Jinyeong,Akoh, Casimir C.,Chun, Hyang Sook,Ahn, Sangdoo,Kim, Byung Hee JAPAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY 2017 Journal of oleo science Vol.66 No.4
<P>The aim of this study was to discriminate the geographic origin of Korean, Chinese, and Indian sesame oils distributed in Korea using H-1 NMR spectroscopy in combination with canonical discriminant analysis (CDA). 1H NMR spectra were obtained from 84 roasted oil samples prepared from 51 Korean, 19 Chinese, and 14 Indian sesame seeds. The integration values of 26 peaks observed in the NMR spectra were determined and normalized on the basis of the peak derived from the terminal CH, of the fatty acids (0.7446-1.0445 ppm). The variables selected for the CDA include the integration value of one peak (2.7208-2.8533 ppm) that signifies the CH2 between two C=C bonds from linoleic acid and the integration values of three peaks (2.9811-3.1151 ppm, 3.5914-3.6819 ppm, and 5.9471-5.9625 ppm) attributed to the protons of sesamolin. The CDA results showed that 80 of the 84 oil samples and five of the six additional commercial sesame oil samples were correctly classified based on their production site. This study demonstrated that H-1 NMR spectroscopy is a useful tool to simultaneously analyze the relative abundance of linoleic acid and sesamolin in the sesame oils and good discrimination between the three Asian sesame oils could be achieved when the 1H NMR analytical data were used in combination with CDA.</P>
The Effects of High Dietary Lard on Hypertension Development in Spontaneously Hypertensive
Byung Hee Kim,Boo-Yong Lee,Casimir C. Akoh 한국식품영양과학회 2010 Journal of medicinal food Vol.13 No.5
This study examined the effects of high dietary lard on the cardiovascular system responsible for regulating blood pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), a model of essential human hypertension. The fat contents were 4.5% of diet weight for control diet and 20% for high-lard diet, respectively. Four-week-old male SHR animals were fed the diets for 9 weeks. After 9 weeks of feeding, the cardiovascular responses to the intravenous administration of vasoactive drugs were determined in conscious SHR animals. The pressor responses elicited by the α1-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine were diminished in high-lard-fed SHR animals. The depressor responses elicited by the β-adrenoceptor agonist isoproterenol were equivalent in the high-lard-fed SHR and control SHR groups. The depressor responses elicited by the nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside were equivalent in both dietary groups. The depressor responses elicited by the endothelium-dependent agonist acetylcholine were diminished in high-lard-fed SHR animals. Baroreceptor reflex-mediated changes in heart rates in response to changes in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) elicited by phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside were diminished in the high-lard-fed SHR group. Despite the diminished endothelium-dependent vasodilation and impaired baroreflex function, resting MAP values were similar in both dietary groups. These findings suggest that high dietary lard does not exacerbate hypertension in the SHR model.
Vu, Phuong-Lan,Shin, Jung-Ah,Lee, Yun-Jeung,Nam, Ha-Young,Lee, Jeung-Hee,Akoh, Casimir C,Lee, Ki-Teak Scientific and Medical Division, Macmillan Press 2008 International journal of food sciences and nutriti Vol.59 No.2
<P>Recently, dietary oil with high diacylglycerol (DAG) contents, so called DAG-oil, was introduced in Japan and the USA. It was claimed that the oil mostly composed of DAG is metabolized differently from conventional triacylglycerol oil, reducing body weight and fat mass because DAG tends to be oxidized to provide energy rather than stored as fat in the body. Monoacylglcyerol and DAG could be prepared by lipase-catalyzed reactions including hydrolysis, esterification, and glycerolysis. In this study, modified lipid containing some DAG esterified with the health-beneficial medium-chain fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid was produced by lipase-catalyzed reactions. Many health benefits of medium-chain fatty acids (C6:0-C12:0) and conjugated linoleic acid isomers have been reported, including anticarcinogenic and antiatherogenic activities, and being rapid energy sources for humans with little or no deposition as body fat. The produced lipid molecules in this study have potential applications as functional healthy dietary fats and oils.</P>
Adhikari, Prakash,Shin, Jung-Ah,Lee, Jeung-Hee,Hu, Jiang-Ning,Zhu, Xue-Mei,Akoh, Casimir C,Lee, Ki-Teak John WileySons, Ltd. 2010 Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture Vol.90 No.4
<P>BACKGROUND: Trans-free interesterified fat was produced for possible usage as a spreadable margarine stock. Rice bran oil, palm stearin and coconut oil were used as substrates for lipase-catalyzed reaction.</P><P>RESULTS: After interesterification, 137–150 g kg<SUP>−1</SUP> medium-chain fatty acid was incorporated into the triacylglycerol (TAG) of the interesterified fats. Solid fat contents at 25 °C were 15.5–34.2%, and slip melting point ranged from 27.5 to 34.3 °C. POP and PPP (β-tending TAG) in palm stearin decreased after interesterification. X-ray diffraction analysis demonstrated that the interesterified fats contained mostly β′ polymorphic forms, which is a desirable property for margarines.</P><P>CONCLUSIONS: The interesterified fats showed desirable physical properties and suitable crystal form (β′ polymorph) for possible use as a spreadable margarine stock. Therefore, our result suggested that the interesterified fat without trans fatty acid could be used as an alternative to partially hydrogenated fat. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry</P>