日本における仏教考古学の研究現状と課題

清水昭博(Shimizu Akihiro ) 중앙승가대학교 불교학연구원 2013 불교와 사회 Vol.5 No.-

이 글은 불교고고학의 연구사를 살펴보고, 일본에 있어서 불교고고학의 연구현황과 과제에 대하여 파악해 보았다. 불교고고학과 관련한 저서 중 일본고고학을 정리한 이시다 모사쿠(石田茂作)의 신판 불교고고학강좌 ( 新版仏教考古学講座 )와 최근 문화청에서 발간한 발굴조사의 길잡이 각종 유적조사편 ( 発掘調査のてびき 各種遺跡調査編)은 내용면에서 서로 다른 점이 있다. 후자의 경우 대부분의 자료가 사원유적에서 확인된 유구와 유물을 다루었다는 점이다. 이 차이점은 일본에 있어서 현재의 불교고고학이 종전 이후 개발과 함께 이루어진 발굴조사를 통해서 밝혀진 성과를 토대로 진행된 상황을 반영한 것이기 때문이라고 생각한다. 이러한 성과로부터 고고학적으로 역사를 복원하고, 문화, 사회, 경제, 정치사에 이르는 연구가 활발하게 이루어졌으나, 불교사에 환원될 만한 연구는 의외로 미약한 상황이다. 이시다 모사쿠가 정의한 바와 같이 불교고고학을 불교관계의 유적유물을 대상으로 하는 고고학 , 또는 과거의 불교을 알기 위해서는 사원유적에 남아있는 정보만으로는 부족하다. 출토유물만이 아닌 전세품을 포함하여 불교관련문물을 불교사적인 위치를 찾아 가는 다각적인 학제간의 연구가 전망된다. This study examines the historiography of Buddhist archaeology, with particular emphasis on understanding the current state of research and challenges associated with Buddhist archaeology in Japan. Among the various publications on Buddhist archaeology, Shinpan bukkyō k kogaku k za, a comprehensive study of Buddhist ō ō archaeology in Japan authored by Ishida Mosaku, and Hakkutsu chōsa no tebiki: kakushu iseki chōsa hen, recently published by the Agency for Cultural Affairs, differ markedly in subject matter. One point of departure: the latter publication predominantly focuses on materials excavated during formal surveys of Buddhist temple sites, consisting of architectural remains and objects. The current state of research in the field of Buddhist archaeology in Japan is believed to reflect scholarly achievements enabled by excavations conducted during the postwar period of reconstruction and land development. Such advances have allowed scholars to reconstruct historical developments through the interpretation of archaeological results, especially in the fields of cultural, social, economic, and political histories. However, in terms of elucidating the history of Buddhist doctrine, it appears that research in this field has been unexpectedly limited. As indicated by Ishida Mosaku, Buddhist archaeology is “archaeology that focuses on Buddhist architectural remains and relics,” and to realize the essential goal of “understanding Buddhism of the past,” it is not sufficient to consider only the material evidence unearthed from Buddhist temple sites. Instead of investigating just the excavated remains, it is especially critical today that Buddhist materials stored aboveground in temple collections are also examined as part of a multidisciplinary approach towards expanding our knowledge of Buddhist doctrinal history.

Structural Characteristics of Epitaxially a- and b-axis-oriented (Bi_(3.25)Nd_(0.75))Ti_3O_(12) Films Fabricated on Conductive Nb:TiO_2 Substrates by High-temperature Sputtering

Akihiro Tamura,Masafumi Kobune,Kazuki Imagawa,Hisashi Oshima,Yusuke Daiko,Atsushi Mineshige,Tetsuo Yazawa,Hiroshi Nishioka,Hironori Fujisawa,Masaru Shimizu,Hideshi Yamaguchi,Koichiro Honda 한국물리학회 2011 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.59 No.31

3.0-mm-thick a- and b-axis-oriented (Bi_(3.25)Nd_(0.75))Ti_3O_(12) (BNT-0.75) films were fabricated on conductive Nb:TiO_2(101) (Nb = 0, 0.048, 0.46, 0.79 mass%) single crystal substrates by high-temperature sputtering. A BNT films grown on undoped TiO_2 substrates have no orientation, whereas BNT films deposited on Nb:TiO_2 substrates with 0.46-0.79 mass% Nb show strong (h00/0k0) diffractions and grow with a heteroepitaxial relationship to the underlying Nb:TiO_2 substrates. The BNT-0.75 film deposited on Nb:TiO_2(101) substrate with 0.79 mass% Nb was indicated the peculiar shape of approximately 100-150-nm-thick nanoplates. We speculate that the driving force for producing a plate-like structure for BNT films is attributed to the large anisotropy of linear expansion coefficients for Bi_4Ti_3O12, and the comparatively small lattice matching between Nb:TiO_2 substrate and BNT film.

Z dependence of neutral beam driven current in the Large Helical Device and the Compact Helical System

Kenichi Nagaoka,Akihiro Shimizu,Katsumi Ida,Katsunori Ikeda,Katsuyoshi Tsumori,Kazuo Toi,Keisuke Matsuoka,Kiyomasa Watanabe,Masaki Osakabe,Mikiro Yoshinuma,Mitsutaka Isobe,Osamu Kaneko,Shoichi Okamura 한국물리학회 2006 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.49 No.III

The characteristics of neutral beam driven current have been investigated in helical devices, which do not need ohmic current to produce a magnetic field configuration. The neutral beam current drive experiments have been performed in a wide range of Zb/Zeff in LHD and CHS. The Z dependence of neutral beam driven current in the region of Zb/Zeff < 1 obtained by neon discharges in LHD agrees with the Ohkawa model. On the other hand, the current driven by neon beam injection in CHS cannot be explained by the Ohkawa model.

Self-Tuning Control of a Two-Link Flexible Manipulator using Neural Networks

Minoru Sasaki,Akihiro Asai,Toshimi Shimizu,Satoshi Ito(편집자) 제어로봇시스템학회 2009 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2009 No.8

In this paper, a self-tuning control of a two-link flexible manipulator using neural networks is presented. The neural networks learn the gains of PI controllers for the flexible manipulator. Numerical results show that this presented neural network control system can suppress the vibration of the flexible manipulator and track the desired joint angles.Simulation results show that the self-tuning control system using neural network can be used effectively for the position control of the two-link flexible manipulator.

An Adaptive Radius Adjusting Method for RBF Networks Considering Data Densities and Its Application to Plant Control Technology

Toru Eguchi,Takaaki Sekiai,Akihiro Yamada,Satoru Shimizu,Masayuki Fukai 제어로봇시스템학회 2009 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2009 No.8

We previously proposed a control technology to reduce CO and NOx emissions in power generating. In this technology, an optimal controllogic is obtained by Rein forcement Learning (RL) and a Radial Basis Function(RBF) network which constructs are sponse surface for the CO and NOx properties. An improvement of estimation accuracy of the response surface can enhance the controllogic performance, so the radius of RBF network should be determined properly since it is one of the most influential factors on estimation accuracy. On the other hand, adjustment of the radius should be executed with in several minutes as computational time for constructing the response surface is restricted. In this paper, we propose a new radiusad justing method for RBF network stoachieve high estimation accuracy and short computational time. This method adjustsradii based on the densities of learning data, thus it can achieve both high estimation accuracy and short computational time. The results of our evaluation showed that the proposed method had higher estimation accuracy than conventional methods with in apractical computatinal time.

Fabrication and Characterization of Perovskite (Bi,Sm)(Ni,Ti)O3 Thin Films by Rf Magnetron Sputtering

Hideto Tada,Masafumi Kobune,Koji Fukushima,Hisashi Oshima,Daisuke Horit,Akihiro Tamura,Yusuke Daiko,Atsushi Mineshige,Tetsuo Yazawa,Hironori Fujisawa,Masaru Shimizu,Hideshi Yamaguchi,Koichiro Honda 한국물리학회 2009 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.55 No.2

The structural characteristics, the mechanism of crystal growth, and the ferroelectric properties of partially Sm-substituted perovskite bismuth-samarium-nickel-titanate [(Bi1−xSmx)(Ni0.5Ti0.5)- O3; BSNT, x = 0− 0.9] thin films deposited on Pt(100)/MgO(100) substrates by rf sputtering have been investigated using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope, and polarization - electric field hysteresis loop measurements. The fabricated BSNT samples with x≥0.6 were confirmed to have a single-phase perovskite structure. Of the four samples (x = 0.6 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9) with a single-phase perovskite structure, the c-axis-oriented epitaxial BSNT film with x = 0.9 exhibited the best hysteresis loop, with a remanent polarization of 2 μC/cm2 and a coercive field of 100 kV/cm. The structural characteristics, the mechanism of crystal growth, and the ferroelectric properties of partially Sm-substituted perovskite bismuth-samarium-nickel-titanate [(Bi1−xSmx)(Ni0.5Ti0.5)- O3; BSNT, x = 0− 0.9] thin films deposited on Pt(100)/MgO(100) substrates by rf sputtering have been investigated using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope, and polarization - electric field hysteresis loop measurements. The fabricated BSNT samples with x≥0.6 were confirmed to have a single-phase perovskite structure. Of the four samples (x = 0.6 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9) with a single-phase perovskite structure, the c-axis-oriented epitaxial BSNT film with x = 0.9 exhibited the best hysteresis loop, with a remanent polarization of 2 μC/cm2 and a coercive field of 100 kV/cm.

Internal Mixing of Pollutants for Submicron Particles Observed during Springtime in Japan

Matsumoto, Jun,Narukawa, Masahiro,Takahashi, Kenshi,Matsumi, Yutaka,Yabushita, Akihiro,Shimizu, Atsushi,Matsui, Ichiro,Sugimoto, Nobuo Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment 2009 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.3 No.1

Internally mixed states of submicron particles during transport from the Asian continent to the Pacific Ocean were analyzed using a single-particle time-offlight mass spectrometer. The observation was conducted at Tsukuba in Japan in the spring of 2005 in order to investigate springtime transport of particles from the continent. The sum of ion intensities of sulfate (${HSO_4}^-$) detected in particles originating from the continental air masses counted for 75% of that in all particles during the observation. By analyzing correlations among compounds, origins and internally mixed states of compounds were estimated. It was found that nitrate was mixed with sulfate-rich particles as the air mass approached Japan. It was confirmed that Asian mineral dust particles played significant roles for transport of continental sulfate to Japan. As a result of analysis on internal mixing of chlorine and nitrate, it was implied that the chlorine loss in fine sea salt particles had already proceeded at Tsukuba. It was characteristic that fluoride ions were significantly detected, coal combustion in the Asian Continent can be an important source of fluorides detected in Japan through the westward transportation of fine particles including fluorides.