종이를 통해 본 중세 이슬람 세계와 서구의 지식 생태계의 한계

황의갑 ( Eui Gab Hwang ) 한국이슬람학회 2013 한국이슬람학회논총 Vol.23 No.3

The discovery of paper by Arabs led to a major revolution in human civilization. Until then, most documents outside Asia were written on parchments or papyrus rolls-both laborious and expensive processes. Paper was easier to use. The Abbasids lost no time in making use of it to enhance their standing among world civilizations. They established a House of Wisdom, commissioned the translations of foreign works in Greek, Hindu and Persian, wrote down the Hadith and codified Islamic law from what had been a mostly oral tradition. Even before the rise of Islam in the seventh century, paper began its westward move. In northwest China archaeologists discovered five fragmentary letters written in Sogdian, an extinct Central Asian language. Dating somewhere from the fourth to sixth centuries, they are early examples of paper carrying non-Chinese writing. Muslims may first have encountered paper when Arab armies conquered Central Asia in the eighth century. They instantly saw its practicality, and a paper mill was set up in Baghdad. At he same time, paper spread to Persia,Syria and North Africa and finally to Spain in the 10th century. Papermaking virtually ended in many Islamic countries by the 16th century, and printing was only tentatively picked up in the 18th. By that time Europe was publishing the dominant accounts of world history. In them Islamic contributions were all but ignored, even though, without Muslim influence Europe might have remained ignorant of paper until Marco Polo reached China in the 13th century.

『잃어버린 역사, 이슬람』 -서양문화에 커다란 영향을 끼친 이슬람 문화의 황금기 역사

황의갑 ( Eui Gab Hwang ) 부산외국어대학교 지중해연구소 2010 지중해지역연구 Vol.12 No.1

이슬람에서의 종교와 정치

황의갑(Eui-Gab Hwang) 전남대학교 종교문화연구소 2012 종교문화학보 Vol.9 No.-

Early seventh century, Islam in the Mecca of the Arabian Peninsula called that religion by the followers who has believe in divine mission of Prophet Muhammad received divine revelations. Prophet Muhammad had taught that all human beings have dignity without distinction of gender, identity, color and rich or poor and are equal in front of Allah. This implies a representation of the spirit of Islam, the Prophet Muhammad, departed the world in 632 year's pilgrimage in his outgoing speech was the content. In 632's pilgrimage when Prophet Muhammad's dead, The speech performed implicitly represent the spirit of Islam. He emphasized that peace and the human right about sanctity of private property, the prohibition of murder, revenge, marital rights and brotherhood among human beings. In especially, He insisted that all the human beings are the same regardless of the human race, ethnicity and skin color in front of Allah. Islam includes religion and human life as politic, economic, society, culture and has been called an integrated system of faith and practice that encompasses all areas of a human existence and does not divide by secularity and religion. On the other hand, In the West, the religion and politics are separated and that originated from teaching of the Jesus. Those (Muslim ruler) who, if We give them power in the land, (they) enjoin Iqamat-as-Salat, to pay the Zakat and they enjoin Al-Ma'rif, and forbid Al-Munkar.(Holy Quran 22:41) The Holy Qur'an stressed the obedience to God, and the Allah's prophet, and the successor rulers who succeeded him. And emphasized the existence of the system that does not separate religion and politics.

시리아어 정교 연구

황의갑 ( Eui Gab Hwang ) 한국외국어대학교 중동연구소 2010 중동연구 Vol.28 No.3

Syriac Orthodox Church is Monophysitism, which known as Syrian Orthodox Church. Early Christian time, it began with appointing Apostle Peter as the first patriarcha but the christian world was divided into Monophysitism and Two Natures of Christ in controversy about gender of Jesus. As Syriac Orthodox Church was considered to be a cult, it had difficult time under Byzantine imperialism and it lived in Islam when the Islam was introduced. In modern time, by suffering hardship which is many members were murdered and so on, they move to all countries of the world to maintain their identity. Even though Islam is the major religion in the Middle East, Syriac Orthodox Church have not assimilated into Islam. They not only remain themselves but also have a long history. Through the study of that minority christian denomination, the purpose of this study is to look at their creed. For this reason, this text covers the research on the Syriac Orthodox Church which is the history of their a process of development and origin from early christian time to today.

사우디아라비아와 아랍에미리트의 군사분야 강화정책

황의갑 ( Eui Gab Hwang ) 부산외국어대학교 지중해연구소 2015 지중해지역연구 Vol.17 No.3

Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates are implementing a low oil price policy by keeping their oil production at high levels in spite of requests by non-OPEC nations to reduce oil production to prevent oil price collapse. Relying on their enormous oil wealth, approximately one trillion dollars, both countries are emerging as regional powers by investing huge amounts of petrodollar money into the development of military capacity against Iranian threats. Furthermore, reconciliation between Washington and Tehran encouraged Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates to cooperate with Russia,China, and Pakistan as well as Western nations in the military sector. This study will examine the details of strategic military policies in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates and anticipate how their military policies will affect the political topography of both the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region and the Middle East.

영화 “아라비아 로렌스”에 나타난 영국의 對 아랍정책과 아랍부족의 기질

황의갑(Hwang Eui-Gab) 한국아랍어아랍문학회 2013 아랍어와 아랍문학 Vol.17 No.1

Many Most Movies concerning the Arab which were made in the Western world usually give negative images of the Arab. The Western films including Hollywood identify the Arab as the wide stage which provides only exotic images for the movies of colonial rulers. The film <Lawrence of Arabia> produced in 1962 was based on T.E. Lawrence’s own life who was an eminent archaeology and followed the English policy toward the Middle East. Contrary to the negative perceptions toward the Arab in Hollywood and the story about love and jealousy in existing films, it is the male-oriented movie which manifests the phase of the times and the character of Arab tribes. In this text, we look at how Arabs became independent and they developed independent countries and what character of Arab tribes was like in the film through the English policy that affected the independence of Arab countries and the role of Lawrence.

십자군 전쟁에 대한 연구 -이슬람의 관점에서-

황의갑 ( Eui Gab Hwang ) 한국이슬람학회 2010 한국이슬람학회논총 Vol.20 No.1

The Crusades were a series of religiously-sanctioned military campaigns waged by much of Latin Christian Europe. The specific crusades to restore Christian control of the Holy Land were fought over a period of nearly 200 years, between 1095 and 1291. The Crusades were fought mainly against Muslims and political enemies of the popes. Crusaders took vows and were granted penance for past sins, often called an indulgence. The Crusades originally had the goal of recapturing Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Islamic rule. The Crusades had far-reaching political, economic, and social impacts, some of which have lasted into contemporary times. Because of internal conflicts among Christian kingdoms and political powers, some of the crusade expeditions were diverted from their original aim, such as the Fourth Crusade, which resulted in the sack of Christian Constantinople and the partition of the Byzantine Empire between Venice and the Crusaders. The Crusades had an enormous influence on the European Middle Ages. Although Europe had been exposed to Islamic culture for centuries through contacts in Iberian Peninsula and Sicily, much knowledge in areas such as science, medicine, and architecture was transferred from the Islamic to the western world during the crusade era. Along with trade, new scientific discoveries and inventions made their way east or west. Arab advances (including the development of algebra, optics, and refinement of engineering) made their way west and sped the course of advancement in European universities that led to the Renaissance in later centuries.

경찰의 공식범죄율에 영향을 미치는 사회조건 요인: 도널드 블랙의 법이론을 중심으로

황의갑(Eui Gab Hwang) 한국테러학회 2018 한국테러학회보 Vol.11 No.3

공식범죄통계와 전국범죄피해조사 자료가 보여주는 우리나라의 범죄추세는 상반된 패턴을 보이고 있다. 범죄신고와 범죄인지의 활성화로 인한 암수범죄의 급격한 감소 때문으로 이해할 수 있겠으나, 한편으로는 우리의 공식범죄통계가 범죄발생에 대한 지표라기보다는 범죄신고나 범죄인지의 정도를 보여주는 지표로서의 한계를 가진다는 주장에 대한 반증일수 있겠다. 블랙의 법행동이론은 범죄신고, 범죄인지, 사건해결, 검거, 기소, 선고 등 법작용이 사회조건에 따라 다르다고 설명한다. 본 연구는 경찰의 범죄통계 자료가 범죄발생보다는 범죄신고와 범죄인지의 정도를 보여주는 지표로 이해될 수 있다는 논리를 근거로, 전국 시군구별 통계청 센서스자료와 경찰청의 범죄발생통계 자료를 통합하여 범죄발생률에 영향을 미치는 사회조건을 종적분화, 횡적분화, 문화, 조직, 사회통제 등 블랙이 주장한 몇 가지 유형으로 분류하여 설명하고 그 영향력을 검증하였다. 분석결과는 기초생활수급자비율과 외국인인구비율이 총범죄발생률에 긍정적인 영향을 미침으로써 블랙의 종적분화가설을 지지하 였으며, 인구유입률도 총범죄발생률에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳐 블랙의 횡적분화가설을 지지하였고, 다문화가구비율과 빈집비율은 총범죄발생률에 부정적인 영향을 미쳐 블랙의 문화가설과 조직화가설을 지지하는 결과를 보였다. 그러나 강력범죄율과 절도범죄율에 미치는 사회조건요인들의 영향력은 총범죄발생률에 대한 것과 동일하지는 않았다. 이 연구는 경찰의 공식범죄통계상 범죄발생률을 이해하는데 있어서 블랙의 법행동이론이 유용하게 적용될 수 있다는 가능성을 보여주었다. 일부 변인의 영향력이 가설과 반대로 나오는 것에 대해서는 사회해체론 등이 더 적합한 측면도 있었으나 블랙의 법행동이론이 사회조건요인과 공식범죄통계의 관계를 설명하는데 있어서 보여준 가능성, 특히 다문화가구비율과 빈집비율의 효과를 정당화하기 위한 유용성은 매우 고무적이었다. The crime trend shows a conflicting pattern between the official crime statistics and the National Crime Victimization Survey because of the role of dark figures in official crime statics. This implies that the official crime statistics reflects the degree of crime reported to the police instead of that of actual crime rate. Donald Black s behavior of law contends that legal behaviors such as crime reporting, booking, arresting, charging, sentencing are according to social conditions. This study formulated and tested hypotheses of factors affecting official crime rate based on Black s five dimensions of social conditions such as stratification, morphology, culture, organization, and social control. For this purpose, official crime statistics and census statistics for 216 community jurisdictions throughout South Korea were combined for the whole year in 2015. Results revealed that the rate of basic life support receiver and the rate of foreigners as indicators of stratification, the population influx rate as an indicator of morphology, the multicultural family rate as an indicator of culture, the home vacancy rate as an indicator of organization had expected effects on the total crime rate. However, the level of effects varied for violent crime rate and theft rate. Interestingly, the effect of divorce rate as an indicator of morphology was the opposite of our expectation. The results of this study shows that the possible utility of Black’s theory of law in understanding and interpreting the official crime statistics, even though some careful investigation is necessary for the variable that shows unexpected direction.

이슬람세계-유럽 문명의 지적 교류

황의갑(Hwang, Eui-Gab),김정하(Kim, Jung-Ha) 한국중동학회 2014 韓國 中東 學會 論叢 Vol.34 No.4

Islamic civilization was born in the first half of the seventh century in Mecca. Since then the Muslims began to collect and synthesize the advanced knowledge gained from the ancient Greek, Persian, Indian and Chinese civilizations. And this led to the translation movement, which reached its zenith during the Abbasid Dynasty. Especially in the age of Al-Ma'mun of Baghdad and of the greatest Abbasid Caliph(813-833 reign) founded 'Bayt al Hikmah'(House of Wisdom), a translation center. He commissioned the translations of foreign works in Greek, Hindu and Persian, wrote down the Hadith and codified Islamic law from what had been a mostly oral tradition. The twelfth Century, for the Europeans, was the great period of translation and absorption from the muslim world. Much of the knowledge available in Europe during the 12th century was obtained by translations from foreign languages, chiefly Arabic. The nuclear of translation was in Andalusia in Spain and Sicily in Italy. During 12-13th centuries many European scholars, who felt the need for new deeper knowledge, turned their attentions to Arabic sources.

이슬람 정치사상의 통시적 유형 연구

황의갑 ( Eui Gab Hwang ) 한국외국어대학교 중동연구소 2012 중동연구 Vol.30 No.3

The propagation of Islam has began by prophet ``Muhammad`` in the beginning of 7th century in the Arabian Peninsular. Prophet Muhammad had taught that all human beings have dignity without distinction of gender, identity, color, rich or poor and are equal in front of Allah. These ideas illustrated in speech of farewell pilgrimage of the prophet Muhammad by comprehensively and implicitly. Islam includes religion and human life as politic, economic, society, culture and has been called an integrated system of faith and practice that encompasses all areas of a human existence and does not divide by secularity and religion. On the other hand, In the West, the religion and politics are separated and that originated from teaching of the Jesus. The Holy Qur`an stressed the obedience to God, and the Allah`s prophet, and the successor rulers who succeeded him. And emphasized the existence of the system that does not separate religion and politics. The Holy Qur`an ordered to implement the political justice, the equality of socio-economic and recommended the political participation to the Muslims. The principles of Islamic politics has been developed by various political thinkers at the dawn of Islam until today. These are became to the various types by the political thinkers. In chapter 2, dealt with about medieval Islamic political theory, In chapter 3, dealt with about modern Islamic political theory, In chapter 4, dealt with about contemporary Islamic political theory. In the conclusion, I defined what ever did many political thinkers depending through the times and what is philosophy that these thinkers had claimed and what are affecting to the modern Islamic World.