열압재목재(熱壓縡木材)의 동적점탄성

홍병화 한국목재공학회 1984 목재공학 Vol.12 No.4

우리나라 사찰건축에서 봉불(奉佛)과 강설(講說)공간의 변화과정

홍병화,Hong, Byung-Hwa 한국건축역사학회 2010 건축역사연구 Vol.19 No.4

The main functions of a Buddhist temples are as a place for Buddhist services and a place for sermons and each ancient Buddhist temple was equipped with a main and separate building. After Zen Buddhism was first introduced, there was a tendency to change the terms to Buddhist sanctuary and altar, as set forth in the Zen Buddhism code of conduct called 'Cheonggyu(淸規)'. As such, it was thought that the division between Buddhist service space and preaching space were relatively firm until the Goryeo Dynasty. However in the period from the end of the Goryeo to the beginning of the Joseon Dynasty there was an increasing tendency of integration of the two buildings. It can be seen that, in cases where both buildings remained, statues of Buddha were enshrined in these buildings without any distinction. Eventually it is led to the tradition of duo-Buddhist sanctums.

방크스소나무와 종가시나무의 연중함수율 (年中含水率) 변이

홍병화,문창국 ( Byung Wha Hong,Chang Kuck Moon ) 한국산림과학회 1977 한국산림과학회지 Vol.36 No.1

Monthly and partial variation of moisture contents of Quercus glauca Thunb. and Pinus banksiana Lamb. are investigated. There are monthly and partial insignificant variations of air dried moisture contents in both woods. But in moisture contents in green, former showed minimum rate at middle part, maximum at upper one, seasonally minimum in spring and maximum in autumn, latter showed minimum at lower part, maximum at upper one, seasonally minimum in winter and maximum in summer.

귀고주방식의 조영전통과 의미

홍병화,이은수,Hong, Byung-Hwa,Lee, Eun-Soo 한국건축역사학회 2010 건축역사연구 Vol.19 No.3

The coner high column method that is used in the multi-roof building Sungryemoon seems to have been used for the first time during the Choseon Dynasty, and it's characteristics and trend of usage are studied in this paper. In the results, it was confirmed that the coner high column method is economic and structurally safe, and selectively combines the structural factors used in the Chinese seats. It was found that this method was a newly adopted construction method to effectively express the authority of the country with the establishment of a new dynasty. Also the meaning of the method could be guessed since it was continuously used in important structures from the Choseon Dynasty to the Daehan Empire, in spite of the new multi-roof building technologies.

선암사 '대각국사중창건도'연구 -제작시기와 배경을 중심으로-

홍병화,Hong, Byung-Hwa 한국건축역사학회 2012 건축역사연구 Vol.21 No.3

There is a temple drawing called Monk Daegwak's Joongchanggundo at Seon-Am Temple of which the time of creation is unknown. This drawing shows the details of Seon-Am Temple and surrounding areas well, which helps to understand the construction of Seon-Am Temple and other small mountain temples. The records on the top also describe the surrounding landscape in the Fengshui aspect, and describes the number of buildings at Seon-Am Temple. According to the construction style that gives clues about the age of this drawing, the time range can be narrowed down in order to approximate the age of this drawing through the Buddhist trends of Seon-Am Temple. In the results, it was estimated that the drawing dates back to the time when Seon-Am Temple flourished in the mid-18th Century as it's competition with the temple of Songgwang actually began. Buddhism considers the relationship between teacher and student as the most important and the principals were delivered through this relationship. Therefore, the activities to increase the connection between monks and this drawing were created in order to indicate the atmosphere of the Seon-Am Temple of the time.

조선후기 지리산 쌍계사 금당의 변화: 봉안대상을 중심으로

홍병화 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 2016 한국문화 Vol.76 No.-

There is a building called Geumdang that enshrines a pagoda inside the temple. This is the only case that enshrines a pagoda inside a building in Korea, and there is a great deal of interest on how this came to be. There is greater interest as the object enshrined is the head of Yukjo Hyeneung, a Zen priest of Tang China. To be exact, Hyeneung's head did not come to Korea, but there are records that his head was transported to Joseon, which adds to the religious intensity. Geumdang was originally built as the shrine for Yukjo, and there were great efforts made by Ssanggyesa Temple to overcome the difficult internal and external conditions during the Joseon Dynasty. When combining this with the story that Yukjo's holy body (Bodhisattva in the human flesh or head) was enshrined at Geumdang, it can be presumed that a symbol for unity was created to overcome the difficult times. In other words, Ssanggyesa Temple looked to overcome the various hardships of the 18th century using symbolism through Choi Chi-won and Hyeneung.

조선시대 산릉제사의 정비가 왕실원찰의 건축계획에 미친 영향

홍병화 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 2017 한국문화 Vol.80 No.-

The adjustment of the Royal ancestral rites in Joseon Dynasty had influenced on the system of the temples for guarding the Royal Tomb. The guarding temple had to be changed after the official authorization of memorial service at the Royal Tomb as a tradition. Namely, the type of Royal Buddhist temple had affected by reduction and abolition of the Buddhist Royal Ancestral Rites. The main role in Royal ritual ceremony by the guarding temple had phrased out in the early period of Joseon and it replaced to the ritual space in the Royal Tomb called Jaesil operated by the dispatched officers. The system of the Royal ancestral rites had changed from the Buddhist management to the direct governmental management and the Royal Buddhist temple had a tendency to get a prefer architectural space without national regulation. The changed relationship between the Royal household and the Buddhist society into informality than before made the governmental support become unofficial and the architectural restriction become discharged. As it had got out of the official control in ceremony, it was possible to manage its own characteristic space and it had acquired the active space out of restriction.

14세기 원 건축의 영향과 고려의 수용

홍병화,Hong, Byung-Hwa 한국건축역사학회 2016 건축역사연구 Vol.25 No.5

The architectural influence from the Yuan had impact on the Goryeo Dynasty in earnest during Yuan intervention period in the 14th century. The representative examples which were influenced by the Yuan architecture are the Eungjinjeon in Seongbulsa(成佛寺) temple, the ten-story stone pagoda of Gyeoncheonsa(敬天寺) temple site, the Bogwangjeon in Simwonsa(心源寺) temple, the Hoeamsa(檜巖寺) temple and so on. Notwithstanding the changes of relationship between two countries, it can be comprehended that there was a selective acceptance of the Yuan architectural peculiarities in Goryeo Dynasty. It means that the adoption of foreign culture in Korea has not been inevitable from the unilateral demand, but been autonomous by perceiving as the advanced culture. This tendency was maintained even though the government had been changed.

중국.일본과 우리나라의 추녀설치방식의 비교 연구

홍병화,Hong, Byung-Hwa 한국건축역사학회 2012 건축역사연구 Vol.21 No.2

As wooden construction developed, it was observed that the rafters with corners changed to angled rafters. The change from rafters to angle rafters means that the angle rafters became the most important member in supporting the roof weight as the construction scale increased and structurally developed. The specific installation methods of angle rafters were all unique in Korea, China, and Japan. In East Asia, the angle of the angle rafter gradually decreased along with the development of construction. However, in Joseon Dynasty Korea, the angle of the angle rafter was larger than that of the Gorye era because the method of fixing the corner of the roof more firmly by building the fan-shaped rafter was utilized. The changes to the angle rafter installation method is a unique characteristic of Korea, in that it was developed in a totally different way from the methods used in China and Japan.

조선중기 공포형식 간의 장식요소 상호영향과 그 의미

홍병화,Hong, Byung-Hwa 한국건축역사학회 2016 건축역사연구 Vol.25 No.6

There were lots of changes of the wooden structure in the middle of Joseon Dynasty. It was the time of replacement from Jusimpo (simple bracket system) to Ikgong (wing-like bracket system) and each bracket had shown mutual variation as well as itself. The aspects of change were discovered that the decorative elements of Ikgong and Dapo (multi-bracket system) had accepted from each other. It was clearly shown that not only the Ungung (carved cloud-shape) and Chotgaji (shape of the acuminate leaf) of Ikgong had affected to Dapo, but also Gaang (pseudo-pointing cantilever) of Dapo had affected to Ikgong. It was mostly found in the Buddhist architecture because there was the conservatization of ruling hierarchy as well as the active growth of Buddhist society.