새로운 유도체 합성법에 의한 토양침투수중 2,4-D , dicamba 및 mecoprop 의 동시 분석법에 관한 연구

홍무기,이희덕,박건상 ( Moo Ki Hong,Hee Duck,Lee,Kun Sang Park ) 한국환경농학회 1995 한국환경농학회지 Vol.14 No.1

Capillary gas chromatography using electron capture(EC) and mass selective(MS) detectors was used for the simultaneous quantitation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid(2,4-D), 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid(Dicamba), and (± )2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy) propionic acid(mecoprop) extracted from soil leachates. The 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol(TFE) esters of the acid analytes were synthesized using H₂SO₄ as the catalyst. Efficiency of derivatization and instrumental molecular-response were compared with herbicides methylated with BF₃-methanol(14% W/V), H₂SO₄-methanol(33% V/V), and diazomethane. The molecular integrity of TFE-2,4-D, TFE-dicamba, and TFE-mecoprop, in the mixture, was confirmed by the GC/MSD method. The TFE-Esterification efficiency was maximized by adjusting the volume of H₂SO₄ the reaction time, and temperature. Optimal efficiency for the herbicide mixture was obtained by adding 1 ㎖ of H₂SO₄ and 1 ㎖ of TFE to the dried sample and allowing the reaction to proceed at 22℃ for 8 hr or using 0.5 ㎖ H₂SO₄ and 1 ㎖ of TFE at 60℃. For 120 min increasing the temperature and decreasing the reaction time were required for maximum esterification efficiency. The sensitivity of the GC/ECD to the TFE esters was about 2∼20 times greater than that to the methyl ester derivatives. The herbicides were extracted and esterified to TFE derivatives simultaneously from soil leachates previously spiked with the analytes. Herbicide recovery, peak resolution, and detector sensitivity were excellent without using column cleanup procedures.

토양 침투수중 MCPP 의 유도체화 및 잔류분석

홍무기,알버트 스미스 ( Moo Ki Hong,Albert E . Smith ) 한국환경농학회 1994 한국환경농학회지 Vol.13 No.2

Analytical methods for the determination of the derivatives of the herbicide (±)-2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propionic acid (MCPP) by capillary column gas chromatography with mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and electron-capture detection (GC-ECD) were studied. A successful procedure was introduced for the ester preparation using H₂SO₄, as the catalyst and the alcohol 2,2,2-trichloroethanol (TCE) or 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE). The identificaiton and elucidation of MCPP by GC-MS spectrometry following the esterification with diazomethane, BF₃/methanol, H₂SO₄/methanol, TCE, TFE, or pentafluorobenzyl bromide (PFB) were carried out. A comparison of the response-sensitivities among those MCPP esters was made with GC-ECD. Although the methylation product of MCPP was confirmed by GC-MS, its low sensitivity to the ECD limited the detection of MCPP. TCE, TFE, and PFB derivatization methods resulted in a high rate of MCPP esterifications and very sensitive ECD molecular responses. Based on efficiency, convenience, worker safety, and least sample contamination, TFE esterificaiton was considered as the superior method for MCPP analysis to the other methods of derivatization. An accurate method is described for quantifying MCPP in soil leachates by GC-ECD at very low concentrations without the requirement of a complicated clean-up process. As a result, MCPP residues at concentrations of less than 0.1㎍ in 100㎖ soil leachate were detected.

Carbofuran 입제(粒劑)의 수중용출(수중용출)과 토양중(土壤中) 분해특성(分解特性)

홍무기,홍종욱,Hong, Moo-Ki,Hong, Jong-Uck 한국환경농학회 1984 한국환경농학회지 Vol.3 No.2

제제형태(製劑形態)에 따른 carbofuran의 수중용출속도와 토양중 잔류소장(殘留消長)을 조사하기 위하여 재결정 하여 정제한 carbofuran 원제와 시판(市販) sand-coated granule 및 실험실에서 립상(粒狀)규조토를 담체(擔體)로 제조한 impregnated granule을 공시(供試)하여 시험한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) Carbofuran의 수중용출속도는 원제<impregnated granule< sand-coated granule 순(順)으로 지연되었다. 즉 원제 처리시는 처리 12시간 후에 93%가 용출되어 최고 농도에 이르렀으나 impregnated granule은 3일, sand-coated granule은 5일이 소요되었다. 2) 토양 중 carbofuran의 분해는 토양의 종류와 처리 농도에 관계없이 원제 처리가 가장 신속하여 원제>impregnated granule> sand-coated granule 순(順)이었으며 3-hydroxy carbofuran과 3-keto carbofuran의 잔류기간도 입제 처리가 원제 처리시 보다 더 길었다. 또한 토양별로 보면 담수 사양토가 비담수 양토에서 보다 carbofuran과 그의 두 대사산물인 3-hydroxy carbofuran과 3-keto carbofuran의 잔류기간이 짧았는데 이는 담수 여부가 토양 중 carbofuran의 분해에 주요한 인자임이 증명되었다. 3) 두 종류의 carbofuran 입제 처리시 3-hydroxycarbofuran과 3-keto carbofuran이 최고 농도에 이르는 기간은 각각 $40{\sim}80$일, $20{\sim}40$일 소요되었으며 입제의 종류별로 보면 impregnated granule 처리가 sandcoated granule 처리보다 3-hydroxy carbofuran과 3-keto carbofuran의 잔류기간이 짧았다. Experiments were carried out with purified technical grade and two types of impregnated and sand-coated granules of carbofuran, in order to investigate the release patterns in water and the persistence of this chemical in soils. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1) As regards to release velocity in water, impregnated granule was found to be faster than sand-coated granule. The time to reach maximum concentrations of carbofuran in water from technical carbofuran, impregnated granule and sand-coated granule was 0.5, 3 and 5 days, respectively. 2) Degradation rate of carbofuran in soils decreased in the order of technical carbofuran, impregnated granule, sand-coated granule regardless of soil types and application rates. Degradation of carbofuran in flooded soil was faster than in non-flooded soil. Soil flooding appeared to be the main factor in promoting the degradation of carbofuran in the soil. 3) When carbofuran was fortified in soils in the form of technical carbofuran, impregnated granule or sand-coated granule, the persistencies of two terminal residues of carbofuran, that is, 3-hydroxy carbofuran and 3-keto carbofuran decreased in the order of sand-coated granule, impregnated granule and technical form.

홍삼 가공중 azoxystrobin, fenhexamid 및 cyprodinil 농약의 감소율

임무혁(Moo Hyeog Im),권광일(Kwang Il Kwon),박건상(Kun Sang Park),이경진(Kyung Jin Lee),장문익(Moon Ik Chang),윤원갑(Won Kap Yun),최우종(Woo Jong Choi),유광수(Kwang Soo Yoo),홍무기(Moo Ki Hong) 한국식품과학회 2007 한국식품과학회지 Vol.39 No.5

본 연구는 홍삼 및 농축액의 합리적인 농약잔류허용기준 개정을 위한 과학적인 자료를 얻고자 수행하였다. 인삼 재배 시에 사용 등록된 농약 3종(azoxystrobin, fenhexamid, cyprodinil)을 인삼포에 직접 살포하여 수확한 수삼을 홍삼과 농축액으로 직접 제조하였다. 수확한 수삼에 azoxystrobin 0.12 ppm, fenhexamid 0.19 ppm, cyprodinil 1.78 ppm이 잔류하였으며 농약이 잔류된 수삼을 원료로 홍삼 및 농축액으로 가공하여 각 제품의 농약 잔류량을 조사한 결과 fenhexamid의 경우 홍삼에 0.54 ppm, 홍삼농축액에서 1.93 ppm이 잔류하였다. Azoxystrobin은 홍삼에서 0.24 ppm, 홍삼농축액에서 0.81 ppm이 잔류하여 가공단계를 거치면서 증가하였다. 그러나 cyprodinil의 경우 1.78 ppm이 잔류된 수삼이 홍삼으로 가공되면서 1.49 ppm으로 감소하였으나 홍삼농축액에서는 3.66 ppm으로 증가하였다. 농약이 잔류된 수삼을 이용하여 홍삼과 농축액 제조시 azoxystrobin, fenhexamid, cyprodinil의 감소계수(dry base)는 홍삼에서 0.66, 0.94, 0.28, 홍삼농축액에서 3.25, 4.94, 1.01이였다. This study was performed to acquire scientific data for establishing the maximum residue limits (MRLs) of pesticides in Korean red ginseng and its extract. Pesticides (azoxystrobin, fenhexamid, cyprodinil) were applied to a cultivated field of ginseng, and the fresh ginseng was harvested and processed to make Korean red ginseng and its extract. The reduction rates of the residue pesticides were calculated by determining the pesticide contents in each stage of ginseng processing. The residue levels in fresh ginseng were 0.12 ppm for azoxystrobin, 0.19 ppm for fenhexamid, and 1.78 ppm for cyprodinil. The residue levels in Korean red ginseng were 0.24, 0.54, and 1.49 ppm, and in the extract 0.81, 1.93, and 3.66 ppm for azoxystrobin, fenhexamid, and cyprodinil, respectively. The steaming and processing of fresh ginseng increased azoxystrobin and fenhexamid residues, but cyprodinil was reduced. The reduction rates (dry basis) of azoxystrobin, fenhexamid, and cyprodinil were 0.66, 0.94, and 0.28 for Korean red ginseng, and 3.25, 4.94, and 1.01 for the extract, respectively.

인삼 가공 중 잔류농약의 감소계수연구 (Ⅰ)

임무혁(Moo Hyeog Im),권광일(Kwang Il Kwon),박건상(Kun Sang Park),최동미(Dong Mi Choi),장문익(Moon Ik Chang),정지윤(Ji Yoon Jeong),이경진(Kyung Jin Lee),윤원갑(Won Kap Yun),홍무기(Moo Ki Hong),우건조(Gun Jo Woo) 한국농약과학회 2006 농약과학회지 Vol.10 No.1

The aim of this study was to establish the maximum residue limits(MRLs) of fenhexamid, azoxystrobin and cyprodinil pesticides in ginseng products. The pesticides were applied to the cultivation field of ginseng, and they were harvested and processed to make dried ginseng and ginseng extract. The reduction factors of residual pesticides were calculated by determination of the pesticides in each processing stage of ginseng. Reduction factor (dry basis) of pesticides (azoxystrobin, fenhexamid, cyprodinil) were 0.73, 0.96 and 0.24 for dried ginseng and 3.23, 5.74 and 1.20 for ginseng extract. All the residual pesticides were reduced by drying or processing of ginseng, however, fenhexamid did not.

Butachlor의 수서생물에 대한 위해성평가

박연기(Yeon-Ki Park),배철한(Chul-Han Bae),김병석(Byung-Seok Kim),이제봉(Jea-Bong Lee),유아선(Are-Sun You),홍순성(Soon-Sung Hong),박경훈(Kyung-Hoon Park),신진섭(Jin-Sup Shin),홍무기(Moo-Ki Hong),이규승(Kyu-Seung Lee),이정호(Jung-Ho Le 한국농약과학회 2009 농약과학회지 Vol.13 No.1

To assess the effect of butachlor on freshwater aquatic organisms, acute toxicity studies for algae, invertebrate and fishes were conducted. The algae grow inhibition studies were carried out to determine the growth inhibition effects of butachlor (Tech. 93.4%) in Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (formerly knows as Selenastrum capriconutum), Desmodesmus subspicatus (formerly known as Scendusmus subspicatus), and Chlorella vulgaris during the exposure period of 72 hours. The toxicological responses of P. subcapitata, D. subspicatus, and C. vulgaris to butachlor, expressed in individual ErC?? values were 0.002, 0.019, and 10.49 ㎎ ℓ?¹, respectively and NOEC values were 0.0008, 0.0016, and 5.34 ㎎ ℓ?¹, respectively. P. subcapitata was more sensitive than any other algae species. Butachlor has very high toxicity to the algae, such as P. subcapitata and D. subspicatu. In the acute immobilisation test for Daphnia magna, the 24 and 48h-EC?? values were 2.55 and 1.50 ㎎ ℓ?¹, respectively. As the results of the acute toxicity test on Cyprinus carpio, Oryzias latipes and Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, the 96h-LC??s were 0.62, 0.41 and 0.24 ㎎ ℓ?¹, respectively. The following ecological risk assessment of butachlor was performed on the basis of the toxicological data of algae, invertebrate and fish and exposure concentrations in rice paddy, drain and river. When a butachlor formulation is applied in rice paddy field according to label recommendation, the measured concentration of butachlor in paddy water was 0.41 ㎎ ℓ?¹ and the predicted environmental concentration (PEC) of butachlor in drain water was 0.03 ㎎ ℓ?¹. Residues of butachlor detected in major rivers between 1997 and 1998 were ranged from 0.0004 ㎎ ℓ?¹ to 0.0029 ㎎ ℓ?¹. Toxicity exposure ratios (TERs) of algae in rice paddy, drain and river were 0.004, 0.05 and 0.36, respectively and indicated that butachlor has a risk to algae in rice paddy, drain and river. On the other hand, TERs of invertebrate in rice paddy, drain and river were 3.6, 50 and 357, respectively, well above 2, indicating no risk to invertebrate. TERs of fish in rice paddy, drain and river were 0.58, 8 and 57, respectively. The TERs for fish indicated that butachlor poses a risk to fish in rice paddy but has no risk to fish in agricultural drain and river. In conclusion, butachlor has a minimal risk to algae in agricultural drain and river exposed from rice drainage but has no risk to invertebrate and fish.

펜티오피라드(Penthiopyrad)의 독성평가와 일일섭취허용량 설정

정미혜(Mihye Jeong),홍순성(Soon Sung Hong),박경훈(Kyung-Hun Park),김찬섭(Chan-Sub Kim),박재읍(Jae-Eup Park),홍무기(Moo-Ki Hong),임무혁(Moo-Hyeog Im),김용범(Young-Bum Kim),한범석(Bum Seok Han),한증술(Jeung-Sul Han) 한국농약과학회 2010 농약과학회지 Vol.14 No.4

Penthiopyrad is a fungicide agent in types of pyrazole which is showing the effect of prevention in fungal disease and powdery mildew. In order to register this new pesticide, reports of acute toxicity and chronic toxicity by animal study were examined to set acceptable daily intake to evaluate hazards of consumers. Acute toxicity was low in toxic, and it did not have the effect of acute dermal toxicity, acute eye irritation, or skin sensitization. As the result of the study in chronic toxicity, the common effect of chemical appeared in the liver and thyroid which was proven as a toxic effect. Two-generation reproduction toxicity, genotoxicity, and prenatal development toxicity were not proven. As the result of carcinogenic study, increase of thyiroid follicular adenoma in the rat and the frequency of liver hepatocellar adenoma in mice were also increased. However, it was decided that the threshold value on the effect in chemicals could be controlled through study liver enzyme induction. Therefore, the ADI for penthiopyrad is 0.081 ㎎/㎏/ bw/day, based on the NOAEL of 8.10 ㎎/㎏/ bw/day of twelve-months dogs study and applying an uncertainty factor of 100.

국내유통 식품중 total bromide의 잔류량

박건상(Kun-Sang Park),홍무기(Moo-Ki Hong),최동미(Dong-Mi Choi),오창환(Chang-Hwan Oh),황인균(In-Gyun Hwang),박종세(Jong-Sei Park) 한국농약과학회 1998 농약과학회지 Vol.2 No.1

살균제 Isotianil의 독성평가와 일일섭취허용량 설정

정미혜(Mihye Jeong),홍순성(Soon Sung Hong),박경훈(Kyung-Hun Park),박재읍(Jae-Eup Park),홍무기(Moo-Ki Hong),임무혁(Moo-Hyeog Im),김용범(Young-Bum Kim),한범석(Bum Seok Han),한증술(Jeung-Sul Han) 한국농약과학회 2010 농약과학회지 Vol.14 No.4

Isotianil is a fungicide which has prevention effects against rice blast disease. In order to register this new pesticide, the series of toxicity data on animal testing were reviewed to evaluate its hazards to consumers and to determine its acceptable daily intake. Isotianil was almost excreted by urine and feces. It has low acute oral toxicity while has no skin toxicity and ocular irritation. Its skin sensitization was evaluated as slight. Genotoxicity of parent compound and metabolite was negligible. Chronic toxicity tests on rats and dogs showed changes of hematology, clinical biochemistry and liver weight. It had no reproductive and teratogenic effects. The estimation of Acceptable Daily Intake(ADI) is based on the lowest no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL). The lowest NOAEL of 2.83 ㎎/㎏ bw/day was found in the twelve-months rats study. The NOAEL was based on increased liver weight and treatment-related effect on clinica chemistry finding at the nest higher dose level of 2.83 ㎎/㎏ bw/day. Therefore, it is considered appropriated to apply an uncertainty factor of 100 to the NOAEL 2.83 ㎎/㎏ bw/day from the rat study, resulting in an ADI of 0.028 ㎎/㎏ bw/day.

한국의 식품중 농약 잔류허용기준 설정

박건상(Kun Sang Park),임무혁(Moo Hyeog Im),최동미(Dongmi Choi),정지윤(Ji Yoon Jeong),장문익(Moon Ik Chang),권광일(Kwang Il Kwon),홍무기(Moo Ki Hong),이철원(Chul Won Lee) 한국농약과학회 2005 농약과학회지 Vol.9 No.1

Korean maximum residue limits (MRLs) for pesticides have been established based on scientific data of good agricultural practice, acceptable daily intake (ADI), food intake, average body weight and others. MRLs for pesticides are generally set under the principle that theoretical maximum daily intake (TMDI) are always below ADI. As results, 104 MRLs are going to be newly established for 24 pesticides and 102 MRLs are going to be added for 63 pesticides that have regulation already. Among new pesticides, ethaboxam and flupyrazofos are effective components that are first developed in Korea. In case of dithiocarbamates, MRLs are classified by 3 groups such as dimethyldithiocarbamates, ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate)s and propineb.