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지하수류가 밀폐형 천공 지중 열교환기 성능에 미치는 영향(2)
한정상,김영식,이주현,이병호,한찬,Hahn, Jeongsang,Kiem, Youngseek,Lee, Juhyun,Lee, Byoungho,Hahn, Chan 한국지하수토양환경학회 2016 지하수토양환경 Vol.21 No.6
An increase of groundwater flux in BHE system creates that ground temperature (locT) becomes lower in summer and higher in winter time. In other words, it improves significantly the performance of BHE system. The size of thermal plume made up by advection driven-flow under the balanced energy load is relatively small in contrast to the unbalanced energy load where groundwater flow causes considerable change in the size of thermal plume as well ground temperature. The ground temperatures of the up gradient and down gradient BHEs under conduction only heat transport are same due to no groundwater flow. But a significant difference of the ground temperature is observed between the down gradient and up gradient BHE as a result of groundwater flow-driven thermal interference took placed in BHE field. As many BHEs are designed under the obscure assumption of negligible groundwater flow, failure to account for advection can cause inefficiencies in system design and operation. Therefore including groundwater flow in the design procedure is considered to be essential for thermal and economic sustain ability of the BHE system.
[논문 철회] 리튬 함유 고염수체(Brine Aquifer System)의 자원 평가 (1) (수리지질학적 및 화학적인 특성과 산출상태)
한정상,이주현,이광진,한찬,이명재,Hahn, Jeongsang,Lee, Juhyun,Lee, Kwangjin,Hahn, Chan,Yi, Myeong-Jae 한국지하수토양환경학회 2018 지하수토양환경 Vol.23 No.2
The recent increase in demand for lithium has led to the development of new brine prospects, The brines are hosted in closed salar basin aquifers of two types that are mature halite salars and immature clastic salars. Salar brines also contain other elements of commercial interest, most notably potassium and boron. As a result, there has been a plethora of new exploration projects focused on the brines hosted in the aquifers of the intermontane-closed basins. The estimate of lithium resources and reserves in these salars depends on a detailed knowledge of aquifer geometry, porosity, and brine grade. Because the resource is in a fluid state, it has the propensity to move, mix, rearrange itself relatively rapidly during the course of a project lifetime, and lower recovery factors compared with most metalliferous and industrial mineral deposits due to reliance on pumping of the brine from wells for extraction. This is unlike any other type of metallic mineral resource and hence a different approach specially focusing on hydrogeology and brine hydrology is required for these prospects.
[논문 철회] 리튬 함유 고염수체(Brine Aquifer System)의 자원 평가 (2) (리튬광상의 가채량 조사와 산정방법)
한정상,이주현,이광진,한찬,안규천,Hahn, Jeongsang,Lee, Juhyun,Lee, Kwangjin,Hahn, Chan,Ahn, Gyucheon 한국지하수토양환경학회 2018 지하수토양환경 Vol.23 No.5
Recent development of lithium ion batteries for vehicles industries have led to a boom in lithium exploration and development for the new generation of batteries. One of the cheapest sources of lithium is the brines hosted in the aquifers of the arid intermontane-closed salar basins. Because the resource is a fluid, with the attendant problems of in-aquifer mixing, reorganization, and lower recovery factors compared with most metalliferous and industrial mineral deposits due to reliance on pumping of the brine from wells for extraction, existing codes for filing resource and reserve estimates require new approach for these prospects. Evaluation of brine resources is complex and requires participation of a variety of qualified experts such as hydrogeologists, geologists, geochemists and chemical engineers. The technical reports disclosing the results of these estimates should reflect the inputs of multi-disciplinary approaches. The requirements for brine resource and reserve evaluation, drawing on several examples from the experiences in the Central Andes are reviewed in this paper.
지방상수도의 신규 수원과 재생에너지원으로서 고산출성 대수층의 활용
한정상,Hahn, Jeongsang 한국지하수토양환경학회 2018 지하수토양환경 Vol.23 No.4
The Quaternary volcanic rocks, clastic sedimentary rocks of Kyongsang System, and carbonate rocks of Joseon and Pyongan System are known as good productive and potential aquifer systems in South Korea. National Groundwater Informaton Mangement and Service System (GIMS) indicates that the exploitable, sustainable, and current use of groundwater are about 18.8, 12.9, and $3.73billion\;m^3/a$, respectively. The rest amount ($9.1billion\;m^3/a$) can still be used for an additional water supply source. Therefore. comprehensive groundwater survey work comprising hydrogeological mapping, subsurface investigation and quantitative aquifer test etc. are highly required to establish rational groundwater management strategy.
H 연구지역의 수리지질-수리분산특성과 지하수 오염가능성 평가연구
한정상,Hahn, Jeongsang 대한자원환경지질학회 1994 자원환경지질 Vol.27 No.3
A comprehensive in-situ tests are performed to define the hydrogeologic and hydrodispersive characteristics such as hydraulic conductivities, longitudinal dispersivity, and average linear velocities as well as conducting flow-net analysis at the study area. The results show that the study area is very heterogeneous so that hydraulic conductivities range from $6.45{\times}10^{-7}$ to $1.15{\times}10^{-5}m/s$ with average linear velocities of 0.34~0.62m/day. Whole groundwater in upper-most aquifer is discharging into the sea with specific discharge rate of $7.2{\times}10^{-3}$ to $1.3{\times}10^{-2}m/day$. The longitudinal dispersivity of the aquifer is estimated about 4.8m through In-situ injection phase test. The area is highly vulnerable to potential contaminant sources due to it's high value of DRASTIC index ranging from 139 to 155 and also under water table condition with very shallow groundwater level. To delineate contaminant plumes of toxic NaOH and carcinogenic benzene when these substances are assumed to be leaked through existing TSDF at the study area by unexpected accidents or spill, Aquifer Simulation Model (ASM) including Flow and Transport Model is used. Te simulated results reveal that the size of NaOH plume after 5 years continuous leak is about $250{\times}100m$ and benzene after 10 years, $490{\times}100m$. When the groundwater is abstracted about 50 days, which is maximum continuously sustained no-precipitation period during 30 years, with pumping rate of $100m^3/day$, THWELL program shows that the groundwater is adversly affected by sea water intrusion.
지하수류가 대수층 열저장 시스템의 성능에 미치는 영향(3)
한정상,이주현,김영식,이광진,홍경식,Hahn, Jeongsang,Lee, Juhyun,Kiem, Youngseek,Lee, Kwangjin,Hong, Kyungsik 한국지하수토양환경학회 2017 지하수토양환경 Vol.22 No.4
When a warm well located downgradient is captured by cold thermal plume originated from an upgradient cold well, the warm thermal plume is pushed further downgradient in the direction of groundwater flow. If groundwater flow direction is parallel to an aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES), the warm well can no longer be utilized as a heat source during the winter season because of the reduced heat capacity of the warm groundwater. It has been found that when the specific discharge is increased by $1{\times}10^{-7}m/s$ in this situation, the performance of ATES is decreased by approximately 2.9% in the warm thermal plume, and approximately 6.5% in the cold thermal plume. An increase of the specific discharge in a permeable hydrogeothermal system with a relatively large hydraulic gradient creates serious thermal interferences between warm and cold thermal plumes. Therefore, an area comprising a permeable aquifer system with large hydraulic gradient should not be used for ATES site. In case of ATES located perpendicular to groundwater flow, when the specific discharge is increased by $1{\times}10^{-7}m/s$ in the warm thermal plume, the performance of ATES is decreased by about 2.5%. This is 13.8% less reduced performance than the parallel case, indicating that an increase of groundwater flow tends to decrease the thermal interference between cold and warm wells. The system performance of ATES that is perpendicular to groundwater flow is much better than that of parallel ATES.
몽골의 천부 지열에너지(냉난방 에너지)개발 가능성에 관한 연구
한정상(Jeongsang Hahn),윤운상(Yun Sang Yoon),윤건신(Kern Sin Yoon),이태열(Tae Yul Lee),김형수(Hyong Soo, Kim) 한국지열·수열에너지학회 2012 한국지열에너지학회논문집 Vol.8 No.2
Time-series variation of groundwater temperature in Mongolia shows that maximum temperature is occured from end of October to the first of February(inter time) and minimum temperature is observed from end of April to the first of May(summer time). Therefore ground temperature is s a good source for space heating in winter and cooling in summer. Groundwater temperatures monitored from 3 alluvial wells in Ulaabaatar at depth between 20 and 24 m are (4.43±0.8)℃ with average of 4.21℃ but mean annual ground temperature(MAGT) at the depth of 100 m in Ulaanbaatar was about 3.5~6.0℃. Bore hole length required to extract 1 RT’s heat energy from ground in heating time and to reject 1 RT’s heat energy to ground in summer time are estimated about 130 m and 98 m respectively. But in case that thermally enhanced backfill and U tube pipe placement along the wall are used, the length can be reduced about 25%. Due to low MAGT of Ulaabaatar such as 6℃, the required length of GHX in summer cooling time is less than the one of winter heating time. Mongolia has enough available property, therefore the most cost effective option for supplying a heating energy in winter will be horizontal GHX which absorbs solar energy during summer time. It can supply 1 RT’s ground heat energy by 570 m long horizontally installed GHX.
한정상(Jeongsang Hahn),윤운상(Yun Sang Yoon),김영식(Youngseek Kiem),한찬(Chan Hahn),박유철(Yu-Chul Park),목종구(Jong-Gu Mok) 한국지열·수열에너지학회 2012 한국지열에너지학회논문집 Vol.8 No.3
Mongolia has three(3) geothermal zones and eight(8) hydrogeothermal systems/regions that are, fold-fault platform/uplift zone, concave-largest subsidence zone, and mixed intermediate-transitional zone. Average temperature, heat flow, and geothermal gradient of hot springs in Arhangai located to fold-fault platform/uplift zone are 55.8℃, 60~110 ㎽/m2 and 35~50 ℃/㎞ respectively and those of Khentii situated in same zone are 80.5℃, 40~50 ㎽/m2, and 35~50 ℃/㎞ separately. Temperature of hydrothermal water at depth of 3,000 m is expected to be about 173~213°C based on average geothermal gradient of 35~50 ℃/㎞. Among eight systems, Arhangai and Khentii located in A type hydrothermal system, Khovsgol in B type, Mongol Altai plateau in C type, and Over Arhangai in D type are the most feasible areas to develop geothermal power generation by Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS). Potential electric power generation by EGS is estimated about 2,760 ㎾ at Tsenher, 1,752 ㎾ at Tsagaan Sum, 2,928 ㎾ at Khujir, 2,190 ㎾ at Baga Shargaljuut, and 7,125 ㎾ at Shargaljuut.