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정신질환의 진단 및 통계 편람(DSM) 조현병 진단 개념의 변천 : 1980년에서 2013년까지
조영탁(Young Tak Jo),주연호(Yeon Ho Joo) 대한신경정신의학회 2021 신경정신의학 Vol.60 No.4
Schizophrenia has been conceptualized as a biologically caused mental disease. However, its causes and pathophysiology have not yet been clearly defined. Unlike physical diseases that are defined using specific biomarkers, mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, are usually diagnosed using the diagnostic criteria established by the consensus of a professional committee. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) published by the American Psychiatric Association is widely used as the authoritative guide for the diagnosis of mental disorders, including schizophrenia. If the cause and pathophysiology of a disease are uncertain, a diagnostic concept should be considered valid only when the course, prognosis, or treatment response is generally predictable and consistent. However, patients with schizophrenia who are diagnosed based on the criteria defined by the DSM frequently display varied disease courses and outcomes. This strongly suggests that the current diagnostic concept of schizophrenia in the DSM fails to meet the standards for a valid diagnosis. Although this limitation has been recognized since the DSM-III was published, many psychiatrists today mistakenly believe that the diagnostic concept in the DSM looks at schizophrenia as an explicit disease rather than as a concept. In this review article, we analyze the historical changes in the concepts and diagnostic criteria of schizophrenia. We believe that this will help us to better understand the nature of the current diagnostic approach and also improve our understanding of how the DSM should be used in research and everyday clinical practice.
폐기왓장과 황산염 환원 미생물을 이용한 산성 광산 폐수 처리
김홍태 ( Hong Tae Kim ),이태룡 ( Tae Ryong Lee ),이영도 ( Young Do Lee ),김광덕 ( Kwang Deok Kim ),조영탁 ( Young Tak Jo ),김영태 ( Young Tae Kim ) 한국수처리학회 2010 한국수처리학회지 Vol.18 No.6
The removal of heavy metals such as Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cr from the acid mine drainage (AMD) with wasted tiles and sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) was investigated. NaHCO3 in phase 1 and the waste tiles in phase 2 were used to adjust pH of AMD to neutral and weak base in the first reactor and to remove some heavy metals, followed by anaerobic reactor containing SRB to additionally remove them. The HRT was 3 days in phase 1 and 2 days in phase 2. The pH adjustment in phase 1 and 2 was compared each other. The pH increased from 3 to 5 in phase 1 and 2, indicating the wasted tiles (phase 2) was as effective in pH increase as NaHCO3 (phase 1). The removal efficiencies of Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu and Cr in phase 1 were 80, 30, 60, 61, 44 and 40%, respectively, and 90, 40, 70, 80, 62 and 45% in phase 2, respectively, indicating higher removal efficiencies of heavy metals in phase 2 than those in phase 1. In addition, Fe, Mn, Cr and Cu are removed with higher efficiencies in pH 5~7 compared to those in pH 7~8, although some heavy metals were easily to be precipitated at higher pH. It indicates that the heavy metal removal by SRB might be dominant to the removal of the heavy metals at low pH.